United States Foreign Policy Toward Jewish Refugees During 1933-1939

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United States Foreign Policy Toward Jewish Refugees During 1933-1939

In reviewing the events which gave rise to the U.S.'s foreign policy

toward Jewish refugees, we must identify the relevant factors upon which such

decisions were made. Factors including the U.S. government's policy mechanisms,

it's bureaucracy and public opinion, coupled with the narrow domestic political

mindedness of President Roosevelt, lead us to ask; Why was the American

government apathetic to the point of culpability, and isolationist to the point

of irresponsibility, with respect to the systematic persecution and annihilation

of the Jewish people of Europe during the period between 1938-1945?

Throughout the years of 1933-1939, led by Neville Chamberlain and the

British, the United States was pursuing a policy of appeasement toward Hitler.

They had tolerated his military build-up and occupation of the Rhineland, both

violations of the Treaty of Versailles, as well as the annexing of Austria and

the take-over of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Hitler realized early on in

his expansionist campaign that Western leaders were too busy dealing with their

own domestic problems to pose any real opposition. In the United States,

Americans were wrestling with the ravages of the Great Depression. With the

lingering memory of the more than 300,000 U.S. troops either killed or injured

in World War I, isolationism was the dominant sentiment in most political

circles. Americans were not going to be "dragged" into another war by the

British. The Depression had bred increased xenophobia and anti-Semitism, and

with upward of 30% unemployment in some industrial areas1, many Americans wanted

to see immigration halted completely. It was in this context that the

democratic world, led by the United States, was faced with a refugee problem

that it was morally bound to deal with. The question then became; what would

they do?

Persecution of the Jews in Germany began officially on April

1st 1933. Hitler had come to power a few weeks earlier and he immediately began

the plan, as outlined in his book Mein Kampf, to eliminate "the eternal mushroom

of humanity - Jews".2 German Jews were stripped of their citizenship by the

Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 and had their businesses and stockholdings seized in

1938. Civil servants, newspaper editors, soldiers and members of the judiciary

were dismissed from their positions, while lawyers and physicians were forbidden

to practice. Anti-Jewish violence peaked on 9 November 1938, known as the

"Night of the Broken Glass" or Kristallnacht, when over 1000 synagogues were

burned. Jewish schools, hospitals, books, cemeteries and homes were also

destroyed3.

The mistreatment of non-Aryans in Germany was common knowledge in the

U.S. in 1938. After the anschluss, the flow of

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