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the book of genesis in the holy bible
book genesis 1
1st book of genesis
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The Old Testament
The Old Testament is a compilation, and like every compilation it has a wide variety of contributors who, in turn, have their individual influence upon the final work. It is no surprise, then, that there exist certain parallels between the Enuma Elish, the cosmogony of the Babylonians, and the Book of Genesis, the first part of the Pentateuch section of the Bible. In fact, arguments may be made that other Near Eastern texts, particularly Sumerian, have had their influences in Biblical texts. The extent of this 'borrowing', as it were, is not limited to the Bible; the Enuma Elish has its own roots in Sumerian mythology, predating the Enuma Elish by nearly a thousand years. A superficial examination of this evidence would erroneously lead one to believe that the Bible is somewhat a collection of older mythology re-written specifically for the Semites. In fact, what develops is that the writers have addressed each myth as a separate issue, and what the writers say is that their God surpasses every other. Each myth or text that has a counterpart in the Bible only serves to further an important idea among the Hebrews: there is but one God, and He is omnipotent, omniscient, and other-worldly; He is not of this world, but outside it, apart from it. The idea of a monotheistic religion is first evinced in recorded history with Judaism, and it is vital to see that instead of being an example of plagiarism, the Book of Genesis is a meticulously composed document that will set apart the Hebrew God from the others before, and after.
To get a clear picture of the way the Book of Genesis may have been formed (because we can only guess with some degree of certainty), we must place in somewhere in time, and then define the cultures in that time. The influences, possible and probable, must be illustrated, and then we may draw our conclusions.
If we trace back to the first appearance of the Bible in written form, in its earliest translation, we arrive at 444 B.C.. Two texts, components of the Pentateuch referred to as 'J' and 'E' texts, can be traced to around 650 B.C. Note that 'J' refers to Yahweh (YHVH) texts, characterized by the use of the word 'Yahweh' or 'Lord' in accounts; 'E' refers to Elohist texts, which use, naturally, 'Elohim' in its references to God.1 But 650 B.
In the article “Genesis 1 and Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths,” researcher Gordon H. Johnston reiterates the conclusions that A. H. Sayce, A. S. Yahuda have reached about the comparisons of Genesis 1 and Egyptian creation myths (Johnston, 180). Johnston postulates that there are undoubtedly strong similarities and connections between Genesis 1 and Egyptian creation myths (Johnston, 180). Johnston noted that these earlier analyses were overlooked and not accepted due to various reasons; easily accessible Mesopotamian materials, the assumption that Genesis 1 should be classified as a Priest source, ignorance of the Hebrew bibles’ Egyptian origins, and misunderstanding of the Egyptians terminology when analyzing creation ideas (Johnston, 179).
The most highly referenced and revered as sacred are The King James Version, considered a masterpiece of English literature, The Tanakh, or Hebrew Bible, The Aprocrypha, the books believed left out of some bibles, The Vulgate, the Latin Bible used for centuries by the Roman Catholic religion, and The Septuagint, the first ancient Greek translation of the Tanakh (Geisler and Nix 15, McCallum 4). The Bible is considered a sacred text by three major world religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Many believers consider it to be the literal truth. Others treat it with great respect, but believe that it was written by human beings and, thus is often contradictory in its tenets.
The Old Testament and the Bible itself has been studied extensively for centuries. Archeologists and Scholars have labored and pondered over texts trying to decipher its clues. It does not matter how many times the Old Testament has been studied there will always be something new to learn about it or the history surrounding it. In the book Reading the Old Testament: an Introduction, the author Lawrence Boadt presents us with a few different authors of the Old Testament that used different names for God and had a unique insight into the texts. These four sources are titled P for priests, E for Elohim, J for Jehovah, and Y for Yahweh (95). These four unique sources help us realize that there is more than one author of the Pentateuch. These authors took the text and adapted for their culture. This independent source is used by scholars to help gain insight into what was behind the texts of the bible so we are not left with an incomplete picture of what went into the creation of the bible. Julius Wellhausen used these four sources to publish a book to able us to better understand the sources and to give it credibility with the Protestant scholars at the time (Boadt 94). These sources that is independent of the bible as in the DVD Who Wrote the Bible? and the Nova website aide in shedding light on the history that surrounded the writers who wrote the text and what inspired them to write it in the first place. The DVD shows the discovery of The Dead Sea Scrolls and the extensive history of the texts and all its sources in an effort to try to find exactly who wrote the bible (Who Wrote). These scrolls have aided scholars immensely by giving us some of the oldest known manuscripts of the bible in the world today. It shows that the bible w...
Genesis in the modern world is a highly criticised text, and frequently the most misunderstood, most people do not realise that it is composed of three separate books with two creation stories if we employ source division. (J.ROGERSON P63). Often these two texts are interpolated rendering our own distorted views. In there simplest form they tell a story of the creation of the world and the earliest history of humanity, they then go on to tell the destruction of the world from a flood then the story of Jacob and his ancestors who came to be named Israel. Modern archaeology has given us a different perspective of Genesis, for many science has proved it wrong, especially creation, John Calvin a great systematic protestant thinker said "Gen 1 did not reflect physics and astronomy. The account was solely for the benefit of ancient Hebrew observers whom had no understanding of science". This point was overlooked (j.rogerson),a century ago our understanding of Genesis was very different we did not have the knowledge concerning ancient times as we do now. Wiseman highlights four points which brought about critical theories 1) Theories conceived in an age of ignorance towards earlier civilisations. 2) Literary assumptions made when they knew nothing of earlier systematic writings. 3) Many scholars assumed the oral tradition was the only form of communication during the days of the Patriarchs. 4) Saturated speculative theories concerning "myth and legend" generally now abandoned but not ignored. Scientific discoveries such as Darwin’s theory of natural selection 1859-70 and geology in the 1820’s have challenged earlier perceptions of the creation accounts. A biblical reconstruction of chronology was made of genesis concluding a figure...
The Catholic religion, the most common practiced religion in the world, can be seen as a common setting for the origin of the Bible that is the oldest known book to this day. The Bible tells of many great stories of old that have been somewhat forgotten; In Gabriel Garcia Marquez's ,A Chronicle of a Death Foretold, biblical allusion are used throughout the novel which compares symbolisms and imagery to the Bible and Roman Catholic religion. The main focus of interest in the novel is the murder of Santiago Nasar which can be compared to the murder and acts against Jesus Christ. Acts and imagery of other actions taking place in the novel can be referred to the Bible of the Roman Catholic religion.
First, the reader will recognize the distinct presence of the event, creation. In Genesis, the author documents the form of creation to have taken place over seven days. The creator is one person, God. There are stages. He started with the simple and ends with complex images. For example, the first day God created light and darkness, then sky and water, then fashioned water and land plants into existence. On the fourth day of creation God made the stars, sky and moon. Next, He made the creatures of the sea and then the animals of the land. Last, on the sixth day he breathed life into existence. In verse 26, God created humans, in his image, to rule and have dominion over everything on the earth. Therefore, on the seventh day, God looked at all that he had made and was pleased, causing him to rest. Meanwhile, in the first act of the fictional piece, Gilgamesh, the author explains the creation of the character, Enkidu. The author tells of the corruption in the life of Gilgamesh, exclaiming that he leaves no virgin to her lover nor the warrior's daughter or the wife of the noble, and exhausts men of their strength ( Gilgamesh 13). In response, the gods cried out to Aruru, goddess of creation to form someone of equal stature to contend together and leave Uruk in quiet (14). Therefore, the goddess dipped her hands in water and pinched off clay, then instantly the character, Enkidu, was created. He had long flowing hair lik...
telling her, “You will not die; for God knows that when you eat of it
The Greek poet Hesiod wrote the poem Theogony circa 700 B.C., which depicted a theory to the earth’s conception. It portrays three generations of gods and how the Olympians came out victorious from the war against the Titans with Zeus as their leader. This founded the main belief system for the Ancient Greeks and was publicized through word of mouth. This polytheistic understanding to creation differs from that of the Old Testament. To this day, it is still unknown who authored Genesis, the first book of the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible, but it was likely written by more than one person, particularly three writers: Jehovist or Yahwist, Elohist, and Priestly, also known as the “Authors of Genesis.” In this interpretation, there was a
Wallace, Daniel B. "Ephesians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline." Bible.org. N.p., 28 June 2004. Web. 17 Apr. 2014.
Throughout history many civilizations and cultures have had their own ways of explaining the world and its creation. Each of these civilizations has created unique descriptions and accounts of such events. However, when comparing them to each other, are they really different? Look at the ancient Greco - Roman creation myths as told by Hesiod in his Theogony and Works and Days and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, when compared to the creation myths as seen in the Old Testament’s book of Genesis they may not be as different as one would think. Taking a more in-depth look at both Genesis and Hesiod’s and Ovid’s work more closely, the reader can see that on multiple occasions the myths have almost identical similarities which reflect their views in society. The similarities in particular are the myths of the creation of man, women with their subsequent role of evil in ancient times, and the great floods. These similarities prove that even though these two scriptures were centuries apart, the concepts presented in each myth were almost identical to one another.
Although a completely comprehensive and accurate analysis is impossible given the limitations of summarizing from outside of the cultures, languages, evolution of faith, geographic locations and original timelines from Creation to the first century, some scholarly generalizations serve as an appropriate framework at this time. The NIV Archaeological Study Bible provides a simple timeline with Creation, The Flood and the Tower of Babel occurring sometime before 2166 B.C. In addition, the timeline lists the years of the significant forefathers of faith as: Abraham (c. 2166-1991 B.C), Isaac (c. 2066-1886 B.C.), Jacob (c. 2006-1859 B.C.), and Joseph (c. 1915-1805 B.C.). Furthermore, this study Bible notes that Moses, the probable author of Genesis
The book of Hebrews is directed at Christians, but it places an emphasis on those that come from Jewish descendants. This part of the Bible was written after the ascension of Christ at about A.D. 30 and before the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70. It is believed Hebrews was written before the destruction of the Jerusalem because it does not include a mention of that event. This estimation in terms of when Hebrews was written based on the content. Hebrews is written in a form similar to a letter. The author of Hebrews has never been established for certain, but it has been referenced as The Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews (McCruden, 2013).
Over the course of history many different people and cultures have tried to explain human existence. Many forms of arts have been used to express these theories and myths but nothing more popular than literature. Two of the most popular stories of creation include the biblical tale of Genesis and the Babylonian epic, Enuma Elish. Many historians have debated over which of the two stories was derived from the other. While both stories are different and depict different ideals of how the universe came to be they due hold striking similarities.
The ancient reading, “The Epic of Creation/Enuma Elish” and the beginning of the Holy Bible Old Testament, Genesis are two distinct passages that share many different qualities. Ranging from how the universe was ever created, to the origin of power and rule over others, both stories reveal persistence, strength, and honor. Genesis 1:1-2:4, Genesis 2:4-3:34 from the Holy Bible, and “The Epic of Creation”, have similar beginnings that determine the endings of both stories.
The term 'Scripture' refers to the sacred writing of the Old and New Testament. Sacred Scripture are the books which 'contain the truth of God?s revelation and were composed by human authors inspired by the Holy Spirit' (CCC 105). Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament. The words of the Sacred Scriptures, 'for their part proclaim the works and bring light to the mystery they contain'.