Chemistry Textbook Notes: Solutions Chapters 13 & 14:
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1. Define soluble, solution, solvent, solute, suspension, colloid (p.395–398)
Soluble- capable of being dissolved solvent0 the dissolving medium in a solution solute- the substance dissolved in the solution suspension- a mixture in which the particles in the solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated colloid- a mixture consisting of particles that are intermediate in size between those in the solutions and suspensions forming mixtures known as colloid dispersions
2. Most of the time when people talk about solutions, they are referring to solids that have been dissolved in water. Describe a different type of text=solution">solution (see Table
13–1)
Solutions are not limited to the liquid state, they can occur in all three main phases, gas, liquid, and solid. For example, the water in the air is a liquid solute dissolved in a gas solvent; solid solutions include brass, which is made from combining zinc with copper
3. Describe two examples of colloids (see Table 13–2).
A colloid consists of small particles 1nm to 1000nm in size that are suspended in a solid, liquid or gas. Examples include common products such as gel, a solid network extending throughout a liquid, or liquid aerosol, or otherwise known as fog
4. What is the Tyndall effect? What can it be used to distinguish between?
The Tyndall effect is used to distinguish between a solution and a colloid; a colloid scatters light, like fog scatters the lights of a car, while a solution does not.
5. Describe an experimental method that could be used to classify a sample as a solution, colloid, or suspension.
Allowing the sample to sit for an extended period of time will reveal the suspension, as it needs to be stirred or agitated to maintain its shape. A colloid then can be differentiated from a solution by shining light through it and seeing if it scatters
6. Define electrolyte and nonelectrolyte.
Electrolyte- a substance that when dissolved will conduct an electric current while
Nonelectrolyte- a substance that when dissolved will not conduct an electric current
7. Define saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions.
Saturated solution- a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute unsaturated solution- a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution
Supersaturated solution- a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions
the mass and initial temperature of the water. Next, impale the food sample on the needle. Next, light
Afterwards, we conducted crystallization to evaporate the liquid in an attempt to detect the presence of a salt. Before stating which of the potential
..., the dissolved substance, in a given solvent, the dissolving substance. Solubility is a characteristic property of a given solid in any given liquid, and when the solubility of a solid is reached the solution is considered saturated. A saturated solution is a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent and no more solute can dissolve. Furthermore, in lab 4.1 we incrementally added solid until the solution was saturated and noted when it was saturated but did not find the solubility of the solid. Contrary to lab 4.1, in lab 4.3 we started with a saturated solution, and then removed the water, giving us the maximum amount of solid per volume of liquid otherwise known as the solubility of the solid. In conclusion, lab 4.3 allowed us to find the accurate solubility of two solids and gave us a method to find the solubility of a solid.
Using the scopula, take a small amount of the substance and add it to the spot plate. Add deionized water to the section with the substance. Stir to see if the substance dissolves or not. Record your observations.
Chromatography corresponds to the solubility of substances in a mixture, as well as, its ability to separate in different solvents. The level of separation is measured by a relative amount, Rƒ, which compares the distance that the molecule travels to the distance the solvent travels. This ratio can be calculated by the equation:
2. Using another dropper, add the unknown substance into the same test tube that has iodine in
All compounds of the alkali metal elements are soluble.All ammonium salts are soluble.All hydroxide compounds are insolu...
When a miscible salt is completely dissolved in liquid solvent to dissociate positive and negative charged ions, then this mixture is called liquid electrolyte.
Solubility is defined as the greatest amount of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance that will dissolve in equilibrium in a specified volume of solid, liquid or gaseous solvent at a particular temperature or pressure to form a homogenous solution. Meanwhile, dissolution is a process whereby the solid chemical substance is dissolved in the solvent to form a solution.
A soft, moist, shapeless mass of matter. 2. A magazine or book containing lurid subject matter and being characteristically printed on rough, unfinished paper.
Table 2 represents the data compiled for unknown substances #6 and #7. When substance #6 was tested for the presence of protein, it did change color from blue to yellow, however this color change indicated a negative result. According to the results gathered in Table one, Part one of this lab, a color change from blue to light purple indicates a positive result; not blue to yellow. When Iodine
sedimentary - identified as sediment, that has formed from sediment kept by water or air.
Experiment A: In the first step of this procedure we put 1.5 grams of sulfur, a yellow grainy substance into a test tube and added 5 grams of clear water. We then stoppered the test tube and shook the sulfur and water substance together. Once the sulfur and water was shaken thoroughly, it was clear that the two substances were a heterogeneous mixture. There were still visible bits of the yellow grain substance in the clear liquid. We then poured the contents of the test tube (the sulfur and water) into another
Osmosis is also another type of diffusion where water is transferred from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Osmosis will then come into play when a membrane that differs in solute concentration breaks in two; the water will move from the hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution. Initially, the hypotonic solution has a lower concentration, and the hypertonic solution has a higher concentration. The water will then continue its journey down its concentration gradient until it reaches equilibrium; that means the water will have the same solute concentration on both sides. When the solute reaches equilibrium on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, the solution then becomes isotonic. Isotonic solutions are when the solute concentration is the same on the inside and outside of the cells, and that is the reason most cells live in the isotonic state. Additionally, a semi-permeable membrane only permits specific substances to enter, usually opening for a solvent but not most solutes. The substances dissolved in a solution are referred to as a solute; and the solvent is the substance that dissolves a solute in a solution. Therefore, the mixture of a solvent and a solute
Suspension is the picking up of sand by wind. This is when sand is airborne and then deposited anywhere.