Hydrogen: the most abundant element in the universe.
Normally it has been considered to remain a non-metal at any range of temperatures and pressures. That is, until now. Recently this year, hydrogen was changed into a metallic substance, which could conduct electricity. An experiment conducted by William J. Nellis et al. at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory accomplished this feat. Hydrogen was converted from a non-metallic liquid, into a liquid metal. The likelihood that the most abundant element in the universe could be converted into metallic form at sufficient pressures was first theorized in 19351, but tangible evidence has eluded scientists in the intervening decades. "Metallization of hydrogen has been the elusive Holy Grail in high-pressure physics for many years," said Bill Nellis, one of three Livermore researchers involved in the project. "This is a significant contribution to condensed matter physics because a pressure and temperature that actually produce metallization have finally been discovered."2 Livermore researchers Sam Weir, Art Mitchell, and Bill
Nellis used a two-stage gas gun at Livermore to create enormous shock pressure on a target containing liquid hydrogen cooled to 200 K (-
4200 F). Sam Weir, Arthur Mitchell (a Lab associate), and Bill Nellis published the results of their experiments in the March 11 issue of Physical
Review Letters under the title "Metallization of
Fluid Molecular Hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4
Mbar)." When asked about the significance of the work, Nellis had this to say: "Hydrogen makes up
90 percent of the universe. Jupiter is 90 percent hydrogen and contains most of the mass in our planetary system. Hydrogen is very important to a lot of work done at the Lab. Hydrogen in the form of deuterium and tritium isotopes is the fuel in laser-fusion targets and how it behaves at high temperatures and pressures is very important to
Nova and the National Ignition Facility."3 By measuring the electrical conductivity, they found that metallization occurs at pressure equivalent to
1.4 million times Earth's atmospheric pressure, nine times the initial density of hydrogen, and at a temperature of 30000 K (50000 F). Because of the high temperature, the hydrogen was a liquid.
The intense pressure lasted less than a microsecond. Optical evidence of a new phase of hydrogen has been previously reported using an experimental approach that involves crushing microscopic-sized samples of crystalline hydrogen between diamond anvils.4 However, metallic character has not been established. Metallic character is most directly established by electrical conductivity measurements which are not yet possible in diamond anvil cells at these pressures.
The Livermore team's results were surprising because of their methods, the form of hydrogen used and the pressure needed to achieve the result
(which was much lower than previously believed).
Virtually all predictions surrounding metallic hydrogen have been made for solid hydrogen at
Organisms are limited by the structure of their bodies. Some creatures are capable to do great things because of the number of limbs they have, or the density of their skin. Humans in particular are extremely reliant in the capabilities that our bodies bring to us. Our bodies however, are not all dependable, as we can injure ourselves, and even lose parts of our body. To combat this loss of body, the great minds of our species have created false limbs to replace what we have lost. This great improvement to our lives is known as, the prosthetic. In recent years this technology has expanded into a new form, that combines prosthetics and robotics to make life for people
The purpose of this prosthetic limb is to help people who have lost a hand or arm in any type of accident like Les Baugh. He one of the patients currently outgoing testing with the prosthetic limb. He lost both of his arms at a electrical accident a young age and the prosthetic he using are attached to the end of his shoulders, since the accident cut his arms right to that section. He underwent surgery in order to remap the nerves
, from which time we have evidence of crude devices being made to replace a missing lower leg. These consisted of metal plates being hammered over a wooden core, which was then strapped to the stump of the remaining leg. These very early prostheses were usually made by blacksmiths, armor
Oxides of Hydrogen Introduction: Hydrogen atoms can react with oxygen atoms forming different compounds. There are mainly two types, one is water and the other is hydrogen peroxide. Structure: A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom joining together by covalent bonds. The shape of it is bent and its bond angle is of 105°. The structure is shown below.
Heavy metal music has developed greatly ever since it was created in the late 1960’s, evolving into large and varied categories of subgenres. It is not uncommon for types of metal to be confused for one another despite their distinct differences. There are hundreds of subgenres, but three of them will be discussed, the bluesy and distorted doom metal, the fast and fantastical power metal, and the ill reputed black metal.
In the face of a potential H2N2 epidemic, New Jersey’s Health Commissioner enforced a statute requiring the vaccination of all public health professionals, school-age children, pregnant mothers, and asthmatics. The law also prohibits people outside these high-risk groups from receiving inoculations voluntarily until these classes of people are fully vaccinated. The states, as governments of general jurisdiction, have police powers to pass legislation designed to protect society’s health and safety. As such, New Jersey needs no specifically enumerated constitutional power to enact such legislation. Indeed, the Supreme Court in Jacobson v. Massachusetts upheld a state law requiring mandatory immunization even in the face of concerns about vaccine safety and bodily integrity.
The unique set of elements known as the alkaline earth metals are key components to humanity and life as we know it. Without them, many things that we both love and need would be gone. These remarkably diverse yet very similar elements that make up the alkaline earth metals family are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra). Although this family is often overshadowed by the infamous alkali metals, you will soon learn how spectacular and brilliant these metals really are and their value to human life.
Breakfast has been considered as the important meal to begin the day. Majority of parents and educators preferred their child and students to take breakfast to enhance their academic’s performance. Breakfast can be defined as, first meal of the day, taken before or at the start of daily activities, usually not later than 10.00 a.m (Giovannini et. al. 2008). According to Robinson, (1968), Burton, (1976) Wells, (1981) “The concern is based on the common belief that mental and physical performance are below optimal by mid-morning if no breakfa...
Breakfast is the first meal of the day and has always been said to be the most important. This meal is proven to promote better attitudes towards the day and gives people more energy for the day. Eating breakfast is supposed to prepare you for the day and promote better choices when it comes to choosing what to eat for the rest of the day. For some people eating breakfast isn’t a choice when it comes to weak stomachs not being able to handle the earliness of the meal, but what are the true benefits of eating breakfast? Studies show that breakfast is healthy for you, but making the healthy choices that make breakfast is what really proves its importance. Students are definitely affected if they don’t eat breakfast. Breakfast is a great way
Myocardial infarction occurs when the coronary arteries are blocked by a blood clot. It is commonly known as “heart attack”. The heart needs its own constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to work properly. Two coronary arteries delivery oxygenated blood to the heart, and if one of these two arteries fail or become blocked, then a portion of the heart will not acquire the necessary oxygen. This clot could be because of CAD (coronary artery disease), which happens when the inner walls of the coronary arteries thicken because of build up of cholesterol, fatty deposit, calcium among other elements that are carried in the blood (Boston Scientific, 2009).
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. It usually gives your body the essential nutrients it needs. It provides you with the energy you need to face the day. This is the reason why you should not skip breakfast. Breakfast does not only boost your body’s metabolism but can also jump-start your brain. When you take breakfast, you normally give your muscles glycogen. This means that you will have more energy and you won’t feel like a slug. This can make you to become more active and this will make you burn several calories. This can also help in weight loss and so on.
Breakfast is one of the best ways to recharge your batteries. It is a perfect time to boost your energy. Studies also suggest that eating a healthy breakfast improves brain function particularly memory and recall. This is essential for soaking up new knowledge and applying it later for a big test. Research shows that eating a healthy breakfast improves one academically. Scientists believe it may be because breakfast supplies nutrients to the nervous system to rev up brain power. Breakfast skippers tend to weigh more than those who eat breakfast regularly. Also, those who eat a morning meal tend to make healthier food choices throughout the day, which can positively impact weight and long-term health. Encourage eating breakfast daily at home or school and make it easy and
Prosthetic limbs, one of the examples of physical enhancement, have improved to such an extent that the capabilities and...
According to the United States Census Bureau, there are approximately 250 million people in the United States. Having knowledge that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, 35-40 percent of Americans skip breakfast. Without breakfast, some people become less able to do physical work in the late morning hours and some students do not perform well in the classroom. When one skips breakfast, their body shuts down their metabolism in an attempt to preserve what it contains, which causes drowsiness. Since metabolism accounts for approximately 70 percent of the body’s energy expenditure, the consumption of a healthy first meal of the day is encouraged. There are many reasons why breakfast should be a part of people’s everyday diet, but some people just do not have time to eat breakfast.