George Frederick Handel
George Frederick Handel was born on February 24, 1685 in Halle, Germany.
One of the greatest composers of the late baroque period (1700-50) and, during his lifetime, perhaps the most internationally famous of all musicians. Handel was born February 24, 1685, in Halle, Germany, to a family of no musical distinction. His own musical talent, however, expressed itself so clearly that before his tenth birthday he began to receive, from a local organist, the only formal musical instruction he would ever have. Although his first job, beginning just after his 17th birthday, was as church organist in Halle, Handel's musical tendencies lay elsewhere. Thus, in 1703 he traveled to Hamburg, the operatic center of Germany; here, in 1704, he composed his own first opera, Almira, which achieved great success the following year. Once again, however, Handel soon felt the urge to move on, and his instincts led him to Italy, the birthplace of operatic style. He stopped first at Florence in the autumn of 1706. In the spring and summer of 1707 and 1708 he traveled to Rome, enjoying the backing of both the nobility and the clergy, and in the late spring of 1707 he made an additional short trip to Naples. In Italy, Handel composed operas, oratorios, and many small secular cantatas; he ended his Italian visit with the stunning success of his fifth opera, Agrippina (1709), in Venice. Handel left Italy for a job as court composer and conductor in Hannover, Germany, where he arrived in the spring of 1710. As had been the case in Halle, however, he did not hold this job for long. By the end of 1710 Handel had left for London, where with Rinaldo
(1711), he once again scored an operatic triumph.
After returning to Hannover he was granted permission for a second, short trip to London, from which, however, he never returned. Handel was forced to face his truancy when in 1714 the elector at Hannover, his former employer, became King George I of England. The reconciliation of these two men may well have occurred, as has often been said, during a royal party on the River Thames in 1715, during which the F major suite from Handel's Water Music was probably played. Under the sponsorship of the duke of Chandos, he composed his oratorio
Esther and the 11 Chandos anthems for choir and string orchestra (1717-20). By
1719 Handel had won the support of the king to start the Royal Academy of Music for performances of opera, which presented some of Handel's greatest operas:
Radamisto (1720), Giulio Cesare (1724), Tamerlano (1724), and Rodelinda (1725).
“Industrial unions dominated the landscape of the late nineteen century U.S. labor movement.” They gathered all level workers together without discrimination of gender, race, or nationality. They declared the eight-hour workday for the first time when normal work time should be 12. Low wage of workers caused the “Great Strike of 1877”, which began with railroad workers in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. After the “Great Strike”, industrial union started to
Both unions failed miserably to affect change that they so ardently stood for. In both cases a massive loss of life and a severely crippled or crushed union was the only real change that they accomplished. The ARU and the unified workers did not get their rents lowered. The eight-hour day strikers eventually would win out, but the fight was to long and costly for many. In the end the only thing either strike really proved was that the federal government was all too willing to intervene and support the monopolistic industrialists.
For instance, in 1892, Carnegie was trying to tear down unions and in Homestead, Pennsylvania decided to fire everyone. However, if they signed a contract stating that they would not join a union, they could get their job back. In response to this, the workers struck back and started shooting the Pinkerton's and it got to the point where the company called in the state militia who defeated the strikers. This was known as the Homestead Strike and the surviving strikers were arrested and convicted of murder. Furthermore, in 1894, the Pullman Strike occurred where a nationwide railroad strike occurred. George Pullman basically owned the town and controlled the cost of rent and food, so when he lowered wages and raised prices, the workers called for a strike. Eugene Debbs was asked to lead the strike leading to the formation of the American Railroad Workers Union (ARWU). Debbs told the workers to not work any of Pullman cars on the railroad. Since the railroads had a huge impact on the national economy, President Cleveland intervened and got the National Guard to run the trains and ordered them to crush the strike. Debbs was arrested for breaking the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, but formed the Industrial Workers of the World union (IWW) in jail. Some members of the ARWU were killed or wounded
The unions resorted to many forms of tactics such as boycotts, picketing, and the less prominent “closed shop”. The most prevalent of these methods, however, was the formation of riots. During the late 19th century riots included: the Haymarket Square Riots (1886), the Homestead Lockout, and the Pullman Car Company strike. The Haymarket Square Riots of 1886 took place at the McCormick plant in Chicago, Illinois in response to the worker’s need for an eight hour workday. The first two days were innate, but the third day was where the the situation actually instigated the cause. The owner of the plant, McCormick, attempted to bring strikebreakers (scabs), and a battle had begun between the scabs and the strikers. The riot, wistfully, ended the lives of four men when the police began to attempt to impede and halter the situation. These four deaths initiated a chain reaction resulting in the calling for the revenge of the four men by German radical Johann Most. Despite Johann’s reaction, 200 more Chicago policemen ordered the remaining strikers to leave the area. In the crowd, in the moment, a homemade bomb was hurled leading in the death of one policeman; acting as a predecessor of events, this event lead to a shooting between the policemen and the strikers concluding with the death of four workers and seven more policemen; entirely approximately one hundred people were injured. The Haymarket Riots caused public opinion to turn against labor. The Homestead Lockout took place in Homestead, Pennsylvania at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant and was instigated by Henry Clay Frick’s wage cut. In this riot workers walked out of the company and then Frick ordered company doors to be locked and trapped the workers inside. Employees rebelled and caused about 200 Pinkerton detectives to come up the river to protect company property and created a battle.
The less the workers were paid, the more was put away into the pockets of the higher-ups. While Andrew Carnegie seemed passive in letting Mr. Frick take over the management, he initially was allowing problems to ensue because he was also looking for more money to enter his pockets. Unions stood in the way of this goal because their job is to protect the workers. The way management handled the flaring situation only fueled it because they were not scared of the consequences. The management knew they were negotiating terrible offers to the union. Their goal was to maximize output with little to no cost. In time, management was criticized for how they handled the situation. Management was requested to re-think everything that was going on by Mr. Carnegie. “"This is your chance to re-organize the whole affair," Carnegie wrote his manager.”Far too many men required by Amalgamated rules." Carnegie believed workers would agree to relinquish their union to hold on to their jobs. After the strike occurred it could be said that with management winning the battle not much changed within the company right away. The strike also pushed back a lot of progress the union had made while working with
This behavior led labor unions to become a staple in the world of big business, though they began forming in the early 1800s, they did not gain any significant membership or power until the 1860s and 1870s. Laborers formed labor unions as a way of protecting themselves from the unfair policies of their employers, and understanding that there is power in numbers, they rallied for the support of coworkers in order to essentially pressure employers to repair business flaws. In the 1890s, Andrew Carnegie’s Carnegie Steel Company employed a majority of the Pennsylvanian steel mill town of Homestead. All but few of the skilled workers were members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers union, which aimed to teach skilled workers what they deserve in terms of working conditions, pay, and hours and also help them how to achieve these standards through negotiations and organized strikes (Benson). However, when the union organized and began a strike on June 29, 1892, they could not have imagined the outcome. Carnegie, deemed too sympathetic to workers and unions by his associates, left his plant manager, Henry Clay Frick, in charge of dealing with the situation. Frick was ruthless in his fight against the union and when union members walked off of their jobs in protest of major wage cuts, he refused negotiation and even locked the workers out of the plant. On July 2, the
He moved back to Italy “where he was imprisoned”, but his voice became louder than ever(biography.com editors).
Investigating how Nicholas I inherited the throne will give one an explanation on why he was so frightened by
By 1498 the situation in Italy was one of chaos and turmoil. Charles died in 1498, which meant that there wasn’t going to be a re-invasion. Popular uprisings in Milan and Florence saw the Medicis and the Sforzas overthrown. Civil war was raging on between Pisa and Florence and the accession of Louis VIII as French King meant that the prospects for peace did not look too good.
The Life of G.F. Handel George Frideric Handel was born on February 23rd, 1685 in Halle, Germany. Handel had a passion for music from the time he was capable of understanding it. His father Georg was a highly respected barber/surgeon (Cavendish, vol. 4, pg. 60), which did not believe in music as a career and wanted his son to study law. Georg thought a career in law would offer more prospects and stability (60). Handel’s father was so against having his son play music, he took all of his son’s instruments out of the house.
George Frideric Handel was born musically inclined. As a child he was deprived of musical instruments because his father wanted him to pursue the law profession. However, George was allowed to take music lessons from a local organist, by the name of Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau, after Handel had impressed the Duke when he played the organ at the chapel. In his following years, Handel would travel to many places, accepting many different musical occupations. As Handel traveled, he was introduced to many of his musical influences. He wrote operas, oratorios, anthems, secular cantatas, and also wrote scarred music. Throughout his life, Handel would become famous for his compositions, particularly for his English Oratorios, however the most popular ones today include: “Messiah”, “The Water Music”, and “Royal Fireworks.”
After 6 months Handel returned to Hanover, but in the spring of 1712, he traveled once again to England, writing more operas in celebration of Queen Anne’s birthday; Peace of Utrecht and Te Deum. But in 1714 the Queen died and the throne was taken over by George of Hanover, who was angered by Handel’s unusually long absence. In 1717 Handel entered service of the Duke of Chandos, directing the music at Duke’s palace at Cannons, near London. There he composed a set of Anglican Anthems, The Pastoral Acis and Galatea and The Masque Haman and Mordeca.
By the end of the Hundred Years’ War, England was embroiled in civil wars, which became known as the Wars of the Roses. King Henry VI became king as a baby and he was not very warlike; for this reason, he was an unsuitable king for such a violent society. Noblemen were exceedingly powerful and they had their own army to threaten the local people and impose their rules. However, the noble families had different interests and were divided in the ones who supported Henry VI, the so-called ‘Lancastrians...
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