Economic Geography of Industry Location in India
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Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Project Conference on
Spatial Inequality in Asia
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Economic Geography of Industry Location in India
Where do different industries locate? What factors influence the spatial
distribution of economic activity within countries? Finding answers to these questions is
important for understanding the development potential of sub national regions. This is
particularly important for developing countries as they have relatively lower levels of
overall investment and economic activity is concentrated in one or a few growth centers.
Thus, regions that do not attract dynamic industries are not only characterized by low
productivity, but also by lower relative incomes and standards of living. These questions
on industry location and their implications are not new. Examining the locational aspects
of economic activity has long been of interest to geographers, planners, and regional
scientists (Weber, 1909; Lösch, 1940; Hotelling, 1929; Greenhut and Greenhut, 1975,
Isard 1956). However, analytic difficulties in modeling increasing returns to scale
marginalized the analysis of geographic aspects in mainstream economic analysis
(Krugman 1991). Recent research on externalities, increasing returns to scale, and
imperfect spatial competition (Dixit and Stiglitz 1977; Fujita, et al. 1999; Krugman
1991) has led to renewed interest in analyzing the spatial organization of economic
activity. This is especially true in case of geographic concentration or clustering.
Models in the ‘New Economic Geography’ literature (see review in Fujita,
Krugman, and Venables, 1999) allow us to move from the question ‘Where will
manufacturing concentrate (if it does)?’ to the question ‘What manufacturing will
concentrate where?’ These insightful theoretical models provide, for the most part,
renewed analytical support for the “cumulative causation” arguments made in earlier
decades on the core-periphery relationship, on agglomeration economies, and on
industrial clustering. In this context, we are interested in finding empirical answers to
these (very old) questions, and to go beyond, to ask, “What manufacturing will locate
where and why”?
Industry location and concentration decisions are driven by two fundamental
considerations: a set of “pure” location or “economic geography” criteria, including well
recognized elements such as urbanization and localization economies, market access,
infrastructure availability, etc. The other is a set of “practical” or “political economy”
criteria, where the state is a key player in industrial ownership and production, and uses
location considerations that are different from the private sector. The private sector
responds to the very strong influence of state regulations, and the result is an industrial
geography that is shaped by factors of economic geography and political economy.
To understand the process of industrial location and concentration, it is important
to first analyze the location decisions of firms in particular industries.
Miller and Lux, based out of San Francisco, was ranked in the largest industrial enterprises in 1900. Miller and Lux had an immense number of cattle spread over 1.25 million acres in several states. Miller and Lux controlled the Pacific Coast and intermountain meat markets. The company made more than 5 million in annual sales in 1913. Igler explains that in order for Miller and Lux to make more than over 5 million in sales, they had control over both land and water rights. Miller and Lux used that power over land and water to change the environment so the company can make profit. Igler sates, “industrial enterprise in the Far West thrived by engineering natural landscapes and mobilizing large labor forces.” (p. 7) Like many other large industries, Miller and Lux relied on capital to undertake both vertical integration and to dominate the market. They also gave jobs to...
Most educators do not make new lesson plans they change ones by adding instructional strategies. The more ways an educator teaches the better off the students are when it comes to learning. Not all students learn by listening to a lecture. There are visual learners, kinesthetic learners (hand-on), and auditory learners. If an educator can reach out using all of these styles most if not every student will learn what is being taught. Intelligence has been separated into different parts; “linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal behaviors” (Hardman, 2011). Knowing this as an educator a lesson plan should incorporate auditory, visual, and kinesthetic learners, thus covering all areas.
The debate of abortion continues to be a controversial problem in society and has been around for many decades. According to Jone Lewis, “In the United States, abortion laws began to appear in the 1820’s, forbidding abortion after the fourth month of pregnancy” (1). This indicates that the abortion controversy has been debated far back into American history. Beginning in the 1900’s, legalized abortion became a major controversy. In 1965, all fifty states in the United States banned abortion; however, that was only the beginning of the controversy that still rages today (Lewis 1). After abortion was officially banned in the United States, groups such as the National Abortion Rights Action League worked hard on a plan to once again legalize abortion in the United States (Lewis 1). It wasn’t until 1970 when the case of Roe (for abortion) v. Wade (against abortion) was brought...
The central characters in both “The Yellow Wallpaper” and A Doll’s House are fully aware of their niche in society. In “The Yellow Wallpaper”, the narrator’s husband believes her illness to be a slight depression, and although she states "personally, I disagree with their ideas,” she knows she must acquiesce their requests anyway (Gilman 1). She says, “What is one to do?” (Gilman 1) The narrator continues to follow her husband’s ideals, although she knows them to be incorrect. She feels trapped in her relationship with her husband, as she has no free will and must stay in the nursery all day. She projects these feelings of entrapment onto the yellow wallpaper. She sees a complex and frustrating pattern, and hidden in the pattern are herself and othe...
Certain legal, regulatory and business settings are needed to support industry development and economic growth.
In today’s educational system, multiple philosophies exist. Each teacher instructs based on what they think is most effective. The five philosophies that are mostly used today include the following: Essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, social reconstructionism, and existentialism. A significant amount of teachers teach in their own styles involving one or multiple of the philosophies mentioned above. My personal philosophy of education involves a student centered classroom. What is covered in class should be the interests of the students’. Doing this will keep the students focused on the material being taught. When students are not taken into consideration during the creation of lesson plans, they tend to be distracted with other things
Lesson plans are very well organized including visuals for the materials being illustrated. Academic vocabulary is addressed in many ways. For example, key concept and vocabulary words will be introduced to the students at start of lesson using building background. Students will be provided a hard copy of anticipation guide and words will be displayed on the Smart Board, too. Students will be provided with
During the time that A Doll’s House and The Yellow Wallpaper were written, decisions for anything from the biggest issue to the smallest detail, was arranged
...ualized plan due to time constraints, it is reasonable to treat each student as they do have an individualized education. Teachers should know their students well enough to individualize the classroom activities so all students have strengths in each lesson. Through collaborative efforts, teachers can gain knowledge about the students and new ways to teach according to different learning styles. Working together, each student can receive an individualized education where their full potential is used.
In conclusion the development of the Standard Industrial Classification created a method to record data in which categorized each business to an industry and then the industry is measureable to the economy. Government agencies are able to use this data to measure the industries being developed as well to ensure all meet their standard policies and goals. It is also used to determine the economy of the cities, states and nation as any change or trend will change the supply and demand hence; changing the economy. The government agencies uses this data for strategic planning in their respective branches as well as business uses this data for their strategic planning in the business purposes. The result of this system has created a manageable system that assists in making what we have today as a well organized industrial and economic system worldwide.
Changing Locational Factors of Manufacturing Industry In the 20th century the factors affecting the location of industry within the UK changed. This can be seen as a change from an emphasis on physical factors affecting the location of manufacturing industries, such as raw materials, to an emphasis on more human and economic factors, such as labour and transport. The growth of manufacturing in the UK began in the 18th and 19th centuries during the Industrial Revolution, making Great Britain one of the most industrialised countries in the world.
Ibsen, H. (1992). A doll's house. (Dover thrift ed., pp. 1-80). New York: Dover Publications Inc.
The fourth largest sector in the Indian economy is all set for 16% growth during 2008-09, from a base of Rs. 85470 crores, as predicted by FICCI. Going forward, as anticipated by CRISIL, FMCG sector will touch around Rs. 140000 crores by 2015 (33.4B$).
The lessons contained in this unit of instruction were based upon Madeline Hunter’s Seven Steps of Lesson Plan Formatting. This lesson plan format is a proven effective means for delivering instruction. When designing lessons, the teacher needs to consider these seven elements in a certain order since each element is derived from and has a relationship to previous elements. It should be noted that a lesson plan does not equal one class period. Throughout the course of the lesson, it may take multiple sessions before the student is ready to independently practice the skills learned. Anticipated lesson duration is included with each lesson plan provided in this instructional unit. Madeline Hunter’s Seven Steps of Instruction includes stating the objectives, anticipatory set, teacher input, modeling, checking for understanding, guided practice, and independent practice (Hunter, 2004). For the purpose of this instructional unit, input and modeling have been condensed into a streamlined event; as well has, checking for understanding and guided practice. This form of lesson planning is preferred within the Elkin City Schools district and lends itself to the creation of engaging lessons.
Todays’ teaching is tailored to student’s interest and strategies. Teachers are taught that a well-developed lesson plan should be engaging to students in order for the students to learn. This philosophy is the total opposite of what is being taught in education programs. I cannot imagine a classroom that does not teach its students based off a curriculum that meets the student’s needs and interest. It is proven research that everyone learns best when information is tailored to meet the specific learner interest.