Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable
Abstract
Attenuation refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. Attenuation occurs with digital or analog signals. Attenuation is the end result of signals being transmitted extended distances. Attenuation is usually expressed in units called decibels (dBs). The cable type will determine at what point along the length of the cable signal degradation occurs. Repeaters can be inserted along the length of the cable to boost the signal strength which increases the maximum attainable range of data transmitted though the cable.
Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable
The majority of attenuation in Coax cable comes from resistive losses in the cable's metallic conductors. Temperature also has effects the resistivity of the conducting surface. Resistivity is a "bulk property of material describing how well that material inhibits current flow. This is slightly different from resistance, which is not a physical property. If one considers current flowing through a unit cube of material (say, a solid metal cube that measures 1 meter on each side), resistivity is defined as the voltage measured across the unit cube length (V/m) divided by the current flowing through the unit cube's cross sectional area (I/m2). This results in units of Ohm m2/m or Ohm-m." [University of British Columbia Geophysical Inversion Facility]
Temperature affects the movement of electrons in the material. When a signal voltage is passed through a wire the electrons collides with the atoms in the material. If more atoms are allowed collide with electrons, the greater the frictional resistance, which affects the cable ability to conduct (allow data to pass through the cable). Temperature causes the atoms with in the material to move. Increasing the temperature causes the atoms to “jiggle” which causes frequent collations with electrons. The opposite is true when the temperature is lowered.
Attenuation is a function of the frequency of the signal, and the length and physical structure of the cable itself. Specifically, it depends on:
• The diameter of the inner conductor: as the diameter of the conductor increases, attenuation decreases.
• The composition of the outer conductor: the more effective the screening action, the lower the attenuation.
• The nature of the dielectric: the lower its constant dielectric, the lower the attenuation. Therefore, an expanded dielectric supplies, at any given diameter, values of attenuation lower than a solid dielectric.
Since the type of cable, the temperature, and the rate at which data is being passed through the cables are constant, the length of the cable is the only factor that affects the attenuation in the two cables.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether if the sound is affected when it travels through different length pipes. The method used to do this experiment was created by using 5 different PVC pipes in the lengths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 centimeters. Then, using a tuning fork, sound will be produced on one end of the PVC pipe and measured with a decimeter on the other end. This experiment was recorded using 5 trials for each independent level and the average decibels (dB) for each pipe length were recorded.
Some of the local and nearby drug rehab programs include Drug and Alcohol Treatment, Detoxification, Buprenorphine Used in Treatment, Naltrexone (oral), Vivitrol (injectable Naltrexone), Community Mental Health Center, Hospital Inpatient, and Partial Hospitalization/Day Treatment. Drug and alcohol rehab programs in the area provide residents with treatment methods ranging from “traditional” recovery options to those that offer alternative styles (e.g. holistic medicine). While the decision to get help with drug or alcohol addiction problems is often a personal choice, many people include their loved ones in the process in order to obtain insight and a different perspective. Ultimately, it is up to the addicted individual to make the effort and changes necessary to overcome their addiction
The higher the energy level in an energy source, the lower the wavelength of the energy produced, and the higher the frequency. Differences in wave energy characteristics are used to classify electromagnetic energy.
The absorbance of these mixtures is measured at a suitable wavelength. If 'x' mole/litre are added to (1-x) mole/litre of M and if C1, C2
...ns to both arguments, allowing genetic engineering and the concept of designer babies will bring benefits to the human race (Yin, 2005). However, like any other technological advancement, it should be effectively and closely monitored and controlled to ensure that it not used to put some individuals at an advantage and others at a disadvantage. It should be used solely for the eradication of serious human conditions and diseases.
Genetically engineered babies also known as “Designer Babies” are children that are modified to your wants and desirer in what you want your child to look like. Typically women only use this procedure if they are infertile. The women decide what hair, eye color, or gender the baby is by doing this procedure. In this essay, I will explain how they’re made, the different religious debates about it, and why you shouldn’t do it.
There are many contributing factors and political issues that address substance abuse. Throughout the years, many researchers have designed many interventions and social policies designed to treat people who have used, abused, and became addicted to substances. Today, there are many new studies that address substance abuse at the individual, group, family, and community or policy levels. Today, there are many services that are effective for decreasing recidivism in youth who have completed a substance abuse program. A substance abuse treatment program or center is the best way to treat individuals who have abused substances.
There are bioethics arguing that parents have the right to parental autonomy, which grants the right to decide the gender of their baby (Ly, Sarah). Although it is believe people have been influenced that the gender of their babies has to do with timing of conception, types of positions performed, and the food consumed when the embryo was developing (Gender Selection of Babies). It has been known that these specific methods are not one hundred percent effective, some people are finding it exceptionally easier to go to the doctor and have the embryo genetically engineered to their specific preferences (Regalado, Antonio). Some people are just looking at the few positive effects of designer babies, and are not getting the full research before putting not only themselves, but their future children through.
This paper will discuss the concepts of individualized addiction treatment. It will detail various forms of therapy for addicts from group to individual therapy. It will discuss barriers in working with culturally diverse population. Lastly this paper will discuss stages and characteristics of relapse prevention.
What do one think of when they hear the words “Designer Babies”? A couple designing their own baby of course, and it’s become just that. Technology has made it possible for there to be a way for doctors to modify a babies characteristics and its health. Genetically altering human embryos is morally wrong, and can cause a disservice to the parents and the child its effecting.
Transducers used in a clinical setting are quiet complicated. “However, they share many of their design characteristics with simple, single crystal, unfocused probes.” Describing the components of a simple probe often helps people understand transducer characteristics as well as function. A basic ultrasound transducer has a case, a cylindrical tube that protects the internal components of the transducer. The electrical shield is a barrier which lines the inside of the case. This shield aids in prevention of electrical noise from interfering with diagnostic images. The acoustic insulator is also a barrier. However the insulator isolates the components of the transducer from the case. One of the most important parts of the transducer is the piezoelectric crystal itself which is involved in energy conversion. One of the more obvious components of a simple probe is the wire. The wire provides an electrical connection between PZT or active element and the actual ultrasound system. The last two components that I am going to talk about are the more important ones, the matching layer and the backing layer. The matching layer is at the face of the transducer in front of the PZT. “The matching layer is designed with impedance between that of the active element in the skin.” The ideal mat...
Many debilitating and severe unwanted diseases, genetic disorders and disabilities can be avoided through the creation of designer babies. A child's quality of life would be drastically increased if they evade Down Syndrome, deformities or heart disease for example. In a sense, it isn’t all that different to hearing aid, medication for an illness or chemotherapy for cancer, but on a larger scale and earlier in someone’s life, before it even really begins in fact. Some people would argue that changing genes is changing who people are, which they view as ‘wrong’, but genes aren’t exactly the only things that make up a person anyway. The way that they grow up and their surroundings also make people...
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However optical signals have shorter wavelengths because the cables decrease the propagation speed (speed of light).