The Salk Institute
Dr. Jonas Salk commissioned Louis Kahn to design the Salk Institute of Biological Research near La Jolla, California. Salk believes that medical research should not be confined to science alone. In response to Salk's view, Kahn saw the possibility of uniting art and architecture with the functional aspect of the design. He agrees with Salk that someone with a mind in art, like himself, could contribute in creating a mental environment of scientific research. Kahn's pursue of this vision is apparent in his design process.
The earliest massing strategy was to place a linear group of vertical towers parallel to the face of the cliff (diagram 1a). In the second version, a year later, the towers were replaced by four rectilinear, two-storey blocks set perpendicular to the sea (diagram 1b). In this version, the four blocks of laboratories were made up of clear span spaces, made possible by five box girders running across each rectangle, with a 'V'-shaped folded plate system perpendicular to the girders, spanning between them. Later, Kahn simplified the configuration of the laboratories, from four rectangular blocks to two, upon Salk's request (diagram 1c).
In the process, Kahn kept he basic idea of the scheme, which was to place scientists' studies away from the laboratories in the central garden and to place auxiliary spaces in vertical towers on their external walls. However, he increased the number of floors to three, including the basement, and replaced the 'V'-shaped folded plates above each of the three floors with concrete Vierendeel beams.
Stringent seismic criteria related to construction in the San Diego area made it difficult for Kahn's structural engineer to convince local building officials, who wanted him to use steel frame, that concrete, Vierendeel truss system would have the required flexibility. They agreed only after a 400 page report of undoubtedly integrated deflection computations that shows how post-tensioned columns would provide the main resistance to lateral seismic forces. These columns absorb both dead and live load compression plus vertical post-tensioning forces. They were also designed to maintain zero tension if subjected to lateral movements by earthquake. The trusses are 9 ft deep, spaced 20 ft on center and have a clear span of 65 ft (diagram 2). He made use of the 9 ft high resultant space as service area, allowing pipe chases to be dropped to the 65x 245 ft floor below with more latitude than before.
The 1.78 mile western span of the bridge between San Francisco and Yerba Buena Island presented the first obstacle. The bay was up to 100 feet deep in some places and required a new foundation-laying technique. Engineers developed a type of foundation called a pneumatic caisson to support the western section. A series of concrete cylinders were grouped together and then capped-off, having the air pressure of each cylinder identical to balance the beginning of the structure. From there, the workers added sets of new cylinders until the caisson reached the bottom of the bay. Then, in order to reach the bedrock, they inserted long drills down the cylinders, digging until they reached bedrock. After the caisson was balanced at the bottom of the bay, workers filled it with 1 million cubic yards of concrete, more concrete than was used for the construction of the Empire State Building! This caisson connected the two suspension bridges that make up the western part of the bridge.
2.Goodpastor, Kenneth. Nash, Laura. de Bettignies, Henri-Claude. Business Ethics: policies and persons 4th edition. Mcgraw Hill Irwin Publishers. Pages 396-405
Trevino, L., & Nelson, K. (2011). Managing business ethics - straight talk about how to
Standing alone against the endless blue sea, the Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn is one of a kind. "Louis Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Studies on the Pacific coast near La Jolla aspires within its own spirit to an order achieved through clarity, definition, and consistency of application"(Heyer 195). To many, this magnificent structure may seem out of place, but it works well with the surrounding environment because of the spatial continuity that it possesses. The relation to the site, the tectonic characteristics, and the ideas of servant versus served, combine to achieve a great sense of order in the Salk Institute. Many of the ideas that went into the construction of this design are still utilized in architecture today.
According to the pamphlet: "The Guggenheim Museum is an embodiment of Wright's attempts to render the inherent plasticity of organic forms in architecture. His inverted ziggurat (a stepped or winding pyramidal temple of Babylonian origin) dispenses with the conventional approach to museum design, leading visitors through a series of interconnected rooms and forcing them to retrace their steps when exiting. The galleries are divided like the membranes in citrus fruit, with self-contained yet interdependent sections. The open rotunda affords viewers the unique possibility of seeing several bays of work on different levels simultaneously. The spiral design recalls a nautilus shell, with continuous spaces flowing freely one into another."
...ion or desire, which was to be of some help to humankind, so to speak, in a larger sense…” (Salk). That ambition drove him to develop one of the greatest medical feats of all time and a build an unprecedented research facility. He had to take many risks and face many people who did not believe in him, but in the end, Jonas Salk accomplished more than anyone thought was possible. Long after his passing, Salk’s legacy of hard work, brilliant ideas, and simple compassion for the human race will live on. He has left his mark on history with his work and he has also placed himself into the future with the research that is being conducted every day in his name. It is only a matter of time before the Salk Institute comes out with another groundbreaking concept proving again what can happen when you mix a little courage, a lot of ambition, and a brilliant mind for science.
Throughout the course of Romeo and Juliet’s relationship, they are constantly faced with trials and tribulations. Every time they overcome an obstacle, they are met with another issue, one after the other. Because they are so overcome with the kind of desperation and impulsivity that love produces, they are willing to risk disownment by their polarized families, disobey the wishes of their parents, and even put their lives on the line for one another. All of these risky and dangerous situations that Romeo and Juliet decide to place themselves in are taken without the concrete knowledge that the outcomes of their actions will successfully aid them in their goal of being together in the end. To showcase this underlying theme of love as a dangerous
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Dr. Jonas Salk was born on October 28, 1914 in New York, NY to a family of Russian-Jewish immigrants (American Academy of Achievement). While Salk wasn’t athletic, he excelled at academics. Salk graduated from the Townsend Harris High School and entered the College of New York City to study law at the young age 16. Later, he changed his study from law to medicine. Then, in 1934, Jonas enrolled in the College of Medicine of New York University. In 1939, Salk became a doctor and graduated from New York University. Dr. Salk worked at Mount Sinai Hospital from 1940 to 1942 until he went to the University of Michigan (Salk Institute for Biological Studies).
Romeo had a few character flaws that helped cause this. One of these was him going to the dance. If he had never gone to that dance then he would have never met Juliet, meaning the tragedy would have never happened. Juliet's father also had a character flaw that tied into this, he let Romeo stay after Tybalt told him that there was Romeo there who is a Montague. If he had listened to Tybalt then Romeo would have not met Juliet. Another one of Romeo's character flaws was a lot later in the story. He was told that Juliet had died and he rushed to her tomb. When he got there he said to himself that she did not look dead because she was not really pale and still had a reddish tint to her cheeks. If he would have been more observant he could have known that she did not actually die and that would have prevented the death of him and Juliet. Juliet also had some character flaws. One of them was her wanting to marry Romeo. She knew that she was not supposed to marry anyone from the Montague family because of the big feud. She ended up getting married to him despite the feud among the families. This marriage was where the Friar messed up. He should not have agreed to secretly get Romeo and Juliet married, he could have just told them no. Instead he got them married
In Samuel Beckett’s tragicomedy Waiting for Godot, he begs the question: what is the purpose of life? Throughout the commotion of the play, Beckett addresses the age old debate: Does someone control man’s life or does man write his own destiny? Like Roland Barthes’ ideology Beckett wrote a play that proposed a question and failed to give a definitive answer; however, he delivered potential answers. By introducing characters that take different viewpoints in this debate Beckett never reveals the answer to his question but hints at possible answers. Beckett introduces characters such as Estragon, Vladimir, and Lucky to illustrate the different types of perspectives that man has taken in this debate.
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases: 2011 custom edition (9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Humans spend their lives searching and creating meaning to their lives, Beckett, however, takes a stand against this way of living in his novel ‘Waiting for Godot’. He questions this ideal of wasting our lives by searching for a reason for our existence when there is not one to find. In his play, he showcases this ideology through a simplistic and absence of setting and repetitious dialogue. Beckett’s ability to use these key features are imperative to his ability of conveying his message of human entrapment and existence.
Treviño, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right Fourth ed., Retrieved on July 30, 2010 from www.ecampus.phoenix.edu
We live on a planet revolving around the sun, while there are at least about one septillion other stars in this universe. What is the significance of our existence in this infinite cosmos? What is the purpose of our lives? With the explosion of scientific knowledge and the WWII bombs in the modernity epoch, the insignificance of our lives was realized; Samuel Becket staged the futility of human existence in the play Waiting for Godot. He portrayed nothingness through the use of structure, language, dialogue, and setting. He further demonstrated that the lives of the two characters Vladimir and Estragon takes meaning when they wait for the ambiguous Godot. In order to be relieved from the crippling question of existence, they occupy themselves with meaningless activities. Due to the lack of a plot in Waiting for Godot, one can deduce that perhaps Beckett is referring to the futility of human existence in general.