The Biology of the Venom of Hapalochlaena maculosa
Hapalochlaena maculosa, commonly known as the blue-ringed octopus, is a golf ball-sized cephalopod inhabiting the waters around Tasmania and southeastern Australia with a highly potent neurotoxin that it uses as a predatory and defensive mechanism. H. maculosa does not actually synthesize its venom, but rather, the neurotoxin (known as maculotoxin) is produced by a bacterial symbiont of the octopus that lives in its salivary glands. While not overly aggressive, H. maculosa has been known to bite humans when they disturb the usually reclusive octopus. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the principle component of maculotoxin, inhibits the nervous system by binding to sodium channels on nerve cells to prevent the flow of sodium and release of neurotransmitters. Recent findings have shown that there are sodium channel variants that are either immune or resistant to tetrodotoxin. In most humans, however, victims of the blue-ringed octopus’s neurotoxin will enter into increasingly dangerous stages of paralysis, which will often end in death of the victim without medical assistance. Sustained medical care for the duration of the toxin’s effects will improve the likelihood of a victim’s survival, but mortality rates are still staggeringly high despite current medical efforts and attempts to find an antidote.
Introduction
Australia is home to many of the most venomous animals in the world. Many people know that the bites from many of Australia’s snakes and spiders or the stings from its jellyfish and scorpions can be lethal, and oftentimes images of a person writhing in agony as a toxin courses through his or her body come to mind. However, one of Australia’s deadliest creatures has a toxin that works in a very different way. The venom of Hapalochlaena maculosa, or the blue-ringed octopus, causes relatively little pain, but its effects are much more terrifying for the victim. This venom, known as maculotoxin, is an unusual venom both in how it has come to be the weapon of the blue-ringed octopus and in how it works.
Physical Biology
H. maculosa is a member of Class Cephalopoda and Family Octopodidae. The octopus is made up of a main body, or head, in which there is a well-developed brain, a mouth region that houses the beak, and a pair of eyes. Surrounding the mouth are eight or ten tentacles which are lined with suckers. Within the mantle cavity are the visceral organs, including the venom apparatus (Halstead et al.
Billy Weaver Hadtraveled down from London on the Slow Afternoon Train." The Landlady Roald Dahl
Tyson Foods Inc. is one of the world’s largest producers and distributors of meat; it produces, distributes, and processes chicken, beef, and pork. It is a Fortune 500 company and one of the most recognizable brands in the meat and poultry industry. There are about 115,000 team members and more than 11,000 independent family farmers around the world. The company sells products to 130 different countries worldwide. Tyson Foods Incorporated (TSN) is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with a closing price of $40.27 per share as of March 7th, 2014 . Major competitors of Tyson Foods include Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation (PPC), Smithfield Foods Inc. (SFD), and Sanderson Farms (SAFM). Tyson’s competitiveness in the industry can be attributed to its price, quality, variety of products offered, brand recognition, availability and convenience of products, and its customer service. Tyson Foods believes that it is the company’s duty to provide safe food for a growing world population. Its own safety chain ensures the foods’ quality.
There are now different types of adoptions such as going through an agency adoption, independent adoptions, step parent adoptions, international adoption, and lastly an open agency adoption. Many individuals face these particular adoptions today. Adoptions however affect adoptive parents, biological parent, and over all family. An adoption can affect an adopter by yearning to build that family but on the other hand still being terrified that something can possibly go wrong. Also an adoption affects a biological parent the most because there whole life is affected by this choice but sometimes a mother or father will do it for the better of the child. A biological parent will ponder to a whole bunch of unanswered questions about the child’s life with the adoptive family such as being care and nurtured by the new family? Or maybe even wonder if the new family will tell their child they’re adopted. Adoptions affect a biological parent by grief because they know its not a conversation to touch upon with anyone, they can encounter unresolved grief where it can affect the mothers feelings of happiness and worthelessness because they put there child up for adoption. This can escalate a biological parent to become angry at their parents or even the
i. The host/shellfish must have adopted a sodium ion channel that saxitoxins cannot bind to. For example some puffer fish have undergone a mutation that changes the amino acid sequence that makes its sodium channel insensitive to the toxin.
Parents have the tendency to overlook how lucky they are to have had the ability to create their own children. Many do not recognize what a true blessing it is to have kids, and that others are not fortunate enough to experience that miracle. Ten percent of couples endure infertility (Advantages) so they must consider other options. A very popular choice is adoption. It is not only a good alternative for the couple, but also for the child who needs a loving home.
What is adoption? “Adoption establishes a legally recognized, lifelong relationship between a parent and child. The adoptive parent becomes legally and morally responsible for the child's safety, education, health care, value development, development of life skills, as well as the day-to-day care of that child.(Society, 2014)” Adoption is not only maintaining a child, but it is maintaining the responsibility to love and take care of a human being.
For my research paper I chose to write about how adoption can effect a child’s development: physical development, cognitive development and social/emotional development. For the sake of this paper I think it will be helpful to define adoption; adoption is defined as to take and rear (the child of other parents) as one 's own child, specifically by a formal legal act (Dictionary, 2016).Before I begin according to an Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System article in 2015 53,549 children were adopted using a welfare involvement. I am adopted and while I think I had some disadvantages I believe there were definitely advantages to me being adopted. I will also give specific examples on how my adoption can affect a child’s physical, cognitive and social/emotional development.
Have you ever wondered what your parents look like or if they are thinking of you? Adoption can have that effect on children. What is adoption? Adoption is the process of providing parents with children and children with families when birth parents are unwilling or unable to care for their offspring. Adoption can make a child feel abandon, unloved, and have low self-esteem.
“Adopting one child won 't change the world: but for that child, the world will change.” (Unknown)(Buzzle.com). Adoption can take place in multiple shapes, forms, and fashions. You can adopt from a local adoption agency, or adopt from an orphanage half way around the world. You can adopt a child whose parents are no longer living, or you could adopt from a young mother who is not ready to raise a child. You can adopt one child who has touched your heart from an orphanage in Uganda, or a set of triplets being moved around from house to house in foster care. There are still further motivations and reasons for adopting. What if you and your spouse are unable to become pregnant? The desire to be parents does not diminish with the lack of
What is adoption? Adoption is a legal process by which permanent legal custody is transferred from the birth parent to other parents. In this case Adoption is the process of making a child your own. Adoption is usually a process from non-biological parents. There are far more people wanting to adopt babies than there are babies to be adopted, only about twenty thousand babies a year are put up to be adopted, if an adoption agency places your baby up for an adoption only the best fit family can choose to adopt your child. All adoptions involve some form of consent – an agreement by the birth parent that the child should be adopted. If there are no living birth parents or the child was abandoned, then the consent must be given by the state or country where the child is a resident. Kinship adoptions occur when the birth parents are unstable to care for a child and some member of the child’s family seeks to adopt him or her.
Adoption is basically the process whereby a person or a family decide to take the responsibility of a child and take care of him as parents although their not his biological ones, from childhood all the way to adulthood. Adoption nowadays is quiet different, because it basically fixes all of the homeless, neglected, abused and runaway children problems and also parents who have problems giving birth. At the beginning of the adoption procedure, it may seem difficult to love the child but after a while they end up loving the adoptee just like if he was their child and this was proven by almost all the families who took adoption as a solu...
What is adoption? Adoption is to take into one's family through legal means and raise as one's own child. I'm sure everyone in this class would like to become parents someday. But how many of you have ever considered adoption? Growing up as a child I had a friend that was adopted from Russia. Over the years we began to get closer, not just friends, practically brothers. We did absolutely everything together, band, drama, and tennis. Then one day he started to talk about his life and how much different it would be if he wasn't adopted. This sparked my interest in adoption and all the benefits behind it. Everyone wanting to have children should consider there options and keep an open mind about adoption. The benefits of adoption are endless. First, it can promote sharing within a house hold. Secondly, it provides many benefits for the child being adopted. Finally it can gives the parents the satisfaction of raising a child. Adoption is a great way to enhance a family's bond.
Whether a parent is considering placing a child up for adoption, or a couple is looking to adopt, adoption is a long and hard process. Because most parents who place their child up for adoption feel they are ”unfit” to be a parent in one way or another, adoption is a great thing. Adoption is done out of love for a child. By placing a child up for adoption, a parent is allowing a child the right to grow up in a family who will love and support them, which may not have been possible without the adoption process.
Other good corporate governance practices that overlapped with social responsibility is complying with applicable laws, setting good labor conditions for employees, providing good products to the community, helping the economy through fair trade practices, paying taxes and other obligations due to the government, making commitments to other persons, natural and juridical alike.
However, there can be more definitions about what Corporate Social Responsibility can be. For example, Corporate Social Responsibility can be the commitment which is continuing for a business to behave ethically and bring to economy the development to improve the workforces’ of the whole society and local community and their families’ quality of life. Corporate Social Responsibility is also known as the obligation of a company to serve the society’s interest and of course its own. With the help of the Corporate and Social Responsibility, social and environmental concerns companies can integrate into their business and stakeholders operations.