Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Collapse Of The Ancien Regime?
The Ancien Regime (French for Old Order) was the way society was run, in a period in French history occurring before the French Revolution (1789 - 1799). France was ruled by an absolute monarchy (a system where the king was classed as divine - an infallible role) King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The French society was separated into classes or Estates.
The first Estate was the Clergy who were extremely rich. There were about 100,000 of these people. They had control over censorship of the press and of educational institutions Their wealth came from the Roman Catholic Church, which was made up of the upper and lower Estates. The upper, Bishops and Abbots who had the authority and the lower, Priests and Monks who had a modest income and had no say in church affairs.
The Second Estate was the Aristocracy or Nobility, which was made up of about 400,000 people. They owned 20% of all the land in France and paid no taxes. They were very wealthy and enjoyed a carefree life. Their only grievance was the power that the First Estate held. The Second Estate were the men who held positions in the government. They were also exempt from taxes. The special concern of the Second Estate was to see that the King did not introduce tax reform. They wanted more political power to make sure events like this did not happen. While they denounced the monarchy's absolutism they wanted to set up their own form of it.
The third and largest Estate was made up of the Bourgeoisie (educated and privileged middle class) and the Serfs (peasants). The King and the Aristocracy enjoyed parties, banquets and tax exemptions, while the Bourgeoisie and serfs had to pay heavy taxes. Many of the serfs died from starvation and the living suffered under enormous financial hardships. The Third Estate had no success in voting because of the differing opinions about the tax system between them and the Second Estate.
The Third Estate despised the privileges of the Second Estate and hated the tax system, which involved only themselves, the majority, paying the heavy taxes. There was a huge need amongst the Third Estate, who represented the 'people' of France for tax reform. The Second Estate worsened this situation because they were determined not to give up their tax concessions.
The French Revolution was a period of political upheaval that occurred in France during the latter half of the 18th century. This revolution marked an end to the system of feudalism and the monarchy in France and a rise to democracy and new Enlightenment ideas. By 1789, when the revolution began, France was in a deep financial crisis due to the debt they had obtained over many years of reckless spending and France was nearly bankrupt. These financial issues fell almost completely on the bottom social class or the Third Estate which made up a majority of the country. Because of this financial trouble the common people were heavily taxed leaving many of them in poverty. In addition to the economic issues, France also held an Estate System that led to heavy
Medieval society was traditionally divided into three "estates”. The "First Estate" was the Church receiving their authority from God; the "Second Estate" was the Nobility receiving their authority from the clergy; and the "Third Estate" was the commoners receiving their authority and rights from the nobility. The First Estate provided the moral authority and structure encompassing the whole system, essentially, they set the rules. The clergy used their influence to provide moral authority for the nobility to rule over the commoners. The commoners, were instructed by this hierarchy, to follow the nobles. This enabled the clergy to receive special rights and exclusions from most of the noble’s governance. The clergy had many functions independent
More in depth, learning plays a role in brain cells growth. Dendrites sprout from the cell body of a neuron which increases in size and number in response to learned skills (Willis, 2008). Also, Willis (2008) mentions that learning ...
The Second Estate in French life was the nobility. They made up less than 2 percent of the population. They paid hardly any taxes. Nobles were generally the richest people of ...
Debt was one of the problems that led France toward a Revolution. France was badly in debt after participating in the American Revolution and after Kings Louis XIV's and Louis XVI's enormous expenses. In order to save France from bankruptcy, Louis XVI called on the Estates General for help. The Estates General was made up of the First (clergy), Second (nobility), and Third (everyone else) Estate. However there was a lot of conflict within the Third Estate, because it was made up of everyone who was not part of the royal family, clergy, or nobility. The Third Estate was very unsatisfied because although it contained over 80 percent of the population, it still had the same one vote as the other two Estates with fewer people. Thus it re-named itself the National Assembly in June of 1789 and claimed itself the representative body of the people. The Assembly did not aid the King in his financial troubles, yet it demanded many changes to France's absolute monarchy and legislative system.
One of the aspects that make consumer not to trust website is unauthorised access to products and services that they buy online. It is true that some of online retailers can use customer information whatever they want without getting permission from customers for example sends information to another vendor. Luhmann has suggest that if we want to reduce the complexity of human conduct to build good relationship with consumers by introducing ‘trust’ (Luhmann, 1989)
Some people like Emmanuel Sieyès, middle-class writer who was taken by the Enlightenment ideas, believed that all of French Society lay on the backs of the third estate. On the contrary, Robespierre, the monarch at the time, believed that the third estate did not have the power to do anything important to society. The third estate had to pay taxes like the Gabelle and Taille while the first and seconds estates did not have to pay any taxes to the king. Also, the third estates had less of a representation in voting. The first and second estate could outvote the third estate every time and this was a huge inequality. The condition of the third estate was horrible but a good portion of this third estate was the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie had some wealth and social class, so they influenced the rest of the third estate about their rights, while also inspiring some lower clergies and provincial nobles and thus led to a group of rebellious people to fight the monarchy. This fight for political representation and political rights was only one cause of the French Revolution. Another causes lies in the French Monarchs: Louis XlV, Louis XV, and Louis XVl. When Louis XlV was ruling, the monarchy had unlimited power and was known as a
I believe that knowledge of the brain is extremely important for educators, and that without it, the field of Education will never be able to see the advances that we find in the fields of medicine, media, etc. As we’ve discussed in class, value and respect for professional research is key to the field of education if we expect to improvingly teach our students. It’s astonishing that it’s possible for an individual to get a degree in Education while never being taught the development of the human brain and how to use that knowledge to teach when it’s completely necessary. For example, I know of a teacher who cannot even acknowledge the potential benefit in the knowledge of the human brain and how it works, and she insists that teaching comes natural by experience only. Even though I agree that with experience educators will improve, I also think that many of the struggles and barriers that educators experience in the profession is a result of ignorance of the brain. I believe there are more educators who read “teacher blogs” than those who read new research on learning and the brain. To know how to teach, we need to learn why kids behave the way that they do. Why is it that some students enter the classroom eager to learn while others dread the next 90 minutes? Why is it that students are distracted easily, and why must they move around so much? These questions, I believe, can be answered by the study of evolutional psychology.
The meeting of these three estates was known as the Estates General. The estate with the most complaints for the King happened to be the Third Estate. Their grievances spanned across three main subcategories being justice, finances, and agriculture. However, at the beginning of the document there were a few grievances focused on gaining rights that should have been naturally in place. The first complaints focused on the delegates of the Third Estate, which are “equal by such status to all other citizens, [to] present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them” . Meaning the delegates for the Third Estate would be seen and treated just like the members of the First and Second Estates, not of lower class. This grievance was significant to Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès who was a delegate for and “identified with the third estate - that represented the common people of France” . Sieyès is one of the most important clergymen within the French Revolution as he fought intensively for the Third Estate to be finally recognized and treated fairly. In his pamphlet What is the Third Estate the most important quote states “the Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all
Throughout the course of history many people in time had no idea that many creatures of life had brains. With remarkable breakthroughs in technology and through human ability to take pictures of the human brain through head scans, scientists have discovered and mapped out the human brain. As neuroscientists understand how the brain works, discovery of brain-based learning has been a growing field ever since. Education is extremely important for human beings because the more educated we are as a society the better we contribute to society. Knowledge is extremely powerful and as a future educator, understanding how the brain works and developing lesson plans surrounding the inner workings of the brain will allow learning to manifest in the classroom.
Lucas, B. (2008). Engage Your Brain for Learning. Alexandria: The American Society for Training & Development.
The third estate (made up ninety-eight percent of the population) was the people who wanted to be equal to the nobles and clergy. The clergy and nobles made up the First and Second Estate. They first two estates had overruling power in the government than the Third Estate. This was one of the reasons of the Storm of Bastille. They were knowledgeable of the ‘existing conditions.’ The social class was the main thing separating the people of France. There was a lack of social mobility also, causing people to be based on lineage, rather than wealth.
The left-brain processes information in a linear manner with the ability to identify important details with analytical thinking and are able to move in sequential order while using logic in order to solve problems. Other functions include written and spoken information, verbal and textual. People that are left-brained are list makers, detailed, methodical and linear classifiers (Kay, 2003). Those who are “left-brained” tend to favor a slow, step-by-step build up of information; learning proceeds in a linear fashion. The logic hemisphere, which is usually the left hemisphere, processes information piece by piece and in detail (Pritchard 2008). The left hemisphere is also responsible for speech that is in the Broca’s area, so verbal expression whether in person or on paper, is a left-brain advantage (McAdams, 2013). It is also known that left-brain students tend to prefer to work alone; they enjoy ...
Communication modern technological tools that have been enhanced by Information Technology are having an impact on changing the very structure and communication of banking. That is, clients are enabled to make their banking transactions whenever and wherever they want. Bank clients, by just logging on their online account, can transfer any amount of money from their account to any other account, check their last processed banking transactions and apply for loans and other banking services. According to Keyes ( 2000, p.591) 'electronic checks provide consumers with the benefits of convenience and safety while allowing billers to maintain their existing depository relationships with their banks'. Further, e-mails has enabled bank employees to notify their customers of any new enhanced bankin...
The first online banking system was created in 1980 in New York, and was adopted by four main banks; Citibank, Chemical, Manufacturers Hanover and Chase Manhattan. The sector needed an innovation in banking systems because of growing consumer demand for service improvements as well as fear of losing market share. In the beginning, online banking was treated at private customers and small companies, to help customers have easier access to their bank accounts, however, now it achieves a global reach through the population. (Cronin 1997) In today’s world, electronic business (E-business) is very important especially for the banking system, plays a fundamental role in online banking (Nasri 2011). A true definition of online banking is difficult, because this system is connecting with different services which are constantly evolving. Access to online banking is possible through the internet, phone or even television. (Daniel, 1999; Mols, 1998). This ‘open system’ is available to the customers twenty four hours a day, seven days a week. This is a multi-level organized system, which helps people pay bills, check credit cards or even arrange mortgages without leave their houses. (Singer 2012)