Identifying an Unknown Analgesic Objectives: 1. To identify a unknown analgesic 2. To identify the analgesic you will be given 4 known analgesics compounds. Each of which can be separated using by Thin Layer Chromatography. 3. Using thin layer chromatography the unknown analgesic will be compared to the 4 known analgesics. Spotting of the sample 1. Prepare a microcapillary tube for each analgesic and each standard 2. Immerse the small end of the tube into the sample vial until some of the sample is drawn into the tube. 3. Very gently press the small end of the tube onto the plate about one cm from the bottom of the plate. Keep the spots small and concentrated by applying the sample 5 times and allowing the spot to dry between applications. Additional spots may be required for the ibuprofen standard in order to see its spot clearly. 4. Repeat this procedure for each of the standards available. 5. Two or more samples may be applied to each plate if they are kept one cm apart. Mark the position of the spots lightly in PENCIL and be sure to keep a record of which spot represents each product. Development of the TLC plates 1. Prepare a developing chamber by adding 15-20 ml of solvent 2. Place the TLC plates in the chamber so that they do not touch. Allow the solvent to rise to within one cm of the top of the plates. 3. Remove the plates, mark the solvent front using pencil, and allow them to dry. 4. Visualize the spots by illumination under a UV lamp. 5. Trace around each spot with a pencil and then measure the distance traveled by
Chemical reactions: Consultation/reference to literature should be considered as the use of well documented chemical reactions for the synthetic route will lead to higher yields and less impurities.
The practice of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been around for approximately four decades now. During this time there have been improvements to the technology and the understanding of how to use this form of patient pain control; however, there continues to be concern related to the safety and efficacy of PCA. As this analysis proceeds it will briefly explain what PCA is and how it is used, then delve into the benefits and the safety issues surrounding PCA use as it pertains to the patient and the nurse. Some of the benefits of PCA include improved pain management, improved use of nursing resources, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced pulmonary issues (Hicks, Sikirica, Nelson, Schein & Cousins, 2008). Some of the safety issues surrounding PCA use include infusion pump programing errors, basal infusion dosing, and proxy errors when using PCA by proxy (Ladak, Chan, Easty, & Chagpar, 2007). Therefore, the purpose of this report is to examine the benefits and risks of patient-controlled analgesia and how it relates to nursing practice.
4. Taking a test tube rack I placed 18 test tubes in it and then
I would uninvent the use of opioids as a pain relief. Though they are extremely effective, they are too effective and it is a really big problem. From a logical, objective, standpoint, opioids cost billions of dollars a year. Between the cost of making, distributing, over doses, methadone clinics, narcan production, ambulance rides, and the many other costs involved with this terrible addiction it is bad for the economy. Not to mention the draw it has on society as a whole. Many addicts are unemployed, having children and then abandoning them, cause car accidents, creating public disturbances and destroying property. Addicts are a complete nuisance in society and rarely contribute. But it is not their fault, addiction is a disease they cannot
A patients’ history of substance abuse is often associated with increased opiate medication abuse after chronic pain management. Although psychological and rehabilitation programs emphasis self-management for chronic pain, it does not always lead to complete pain relief. For clients that are unable to manage their chronic pain, opiate medication can be an alternative way to relieve pain. In the article “Pain Medication Beliefs and Medication Misuse in Chronic Pain”, Schieffer et al. (2005) examines how opiate beliefs effects opiate medical use and abuse. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship among risk factors for opiate abuse, current drug abuse, opiate effectiveness, and beliefs of the use of opiates.
4. The container did affect the results a little bit. This is because instead of it going straight through the liquid it had to go through a denser material of plastic which altered the resulted minimally.
9. Obtain a second sample with a sterile applicator stick and smear over an unpunctured section of the fruit.
This paper, while not intended as a comprehensive report of every fact about the analgesic drug Tramadol, will provide an in-depth review of all pertinent information.
Marion Good, PhD, RN, has focused her study, “A Middle-Range Theory of Acute pain Management: Use in Research,” on complementary medicine for pain and stress, acute pain, and stress immunity. The purpose of this theory is to put into practice guidelines for pain management. Good, 1998, noted the need for a balance between medication usage and side effects of pain medications. The theory also promoted patient education related to pain management following surgery and encouraged plan development for acceptable levels of pain management. This theory was developed through deductive reasoning. Chinn & Kramer, 2008, defined deductive reasoning as going from a general concept to a more specific concept. Good, 1998, related that there was a balance between analgesia and side effects in which two outcomes can be deduced: (1) a decrease in pain, and (2) a decrease in side effects. These outcomes can be studied further or more detailed concepts can be deduced from them.
Prevention of injury-induced functional alterations in the CNS by pre-emptive analgesia is a fascinating working hypothesis based on substantial scientific evidence. Studies investigating the treatment of pain via drug delivery across the nasal mucosa show an equivalent or superior pain control to intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery methods. Several endoscopic ENT procedures have been recently developed with the aim of minimizing surgical invasiveness; they are associated with mild to moderate post-operative
The only anti-inflammatory drug for over a half a century was Aspirin. Unfortunately, Aspirin causes many side effects when taken in large doses such as ulcers and bleeding in the intestines. Experts knew they had to discover another remedy to help pain sufferers. A medicine alternative called Paracetamol was discovered, but did nothing to take away pain. In 1948, Cortisone was discovered. It was considered a miracle until side effects developed from the drug. In 1980, Ibuprofen went over the counter and has become the most well-known anti-inflammatory. Pain relief has come along way through the years. It has not always been as easy as it is now to get rid of pain. Many people had to suffer because of having no solid pain relieving methods.
The usage of pain medications has gone up severely over the years. It is guaranteed that some types of pain medications exist in your medicine cabinet. With a readily available supply of pain medications, it have brought up problems associated with abusing such medications that have led negligent American families into abandoning their health for comfort. Pain medications are administered in a variety of setting, from nurses at hospital beds to paramedics at vehicle collision scenes. Pain medication is a broad term as it varies from over-the-counter strength to prescription strength. Each type of medication will have different ingredients, which are paired with different side effects. Many painkillers can allow the patients to develop an addiction
6- Ask the students,” how can divide the plate so that I can get two equal parts.