Investigating Factors Affecting the Solubility of an Unknown Powder in Water
Aim: To investigate the effect of temperature on an unknown powder's
solubility.
Prediction: As the temperature increases so will the solubility of the
powder. I think that the temperature and solubility will be directly
proportional - so that at temperature doubles so will the solubility
of the powder.
Hypothesis: I think this because my scientific theory says that:
Molecular solids, like sugar, and ionic solids, salts, both dissolve
in water. However, they both dissolve in different ways. The
intermolecular forces holding molecules of sugar together are quite
weak so when sugar is placed in water these bonds are broken and
individual molecules are released into solution. It takes energy to
break bonds between the molecules and it also takes energy to break
the hydrogen bonds in water. These hydrogen bonds have to be disrupted
in order to insert a sugar molecule into the substance. The energy
needed for this is produced by the forming of bonds between slightly
polar sucrose molecules and polar water molecules. This process works
so well between sugar and water that up to 800g of sugar can dissolve
in one litre of water.
The positive and negative ions in ionic solids, or salts, are held
together by the strong force of attraction between particles with
opposite charges. When a salt dissolves in water the ions are released
and become associated with the polar solvent molecules. Salts separate
from their ions when they dissolve in water.
There are several factors that affect solubility between different
compounds. These are:
* Temperature- If the solution process absorbs energy, endothermic,
then the solubility will be increased if there is a temperature
increase. If the solution
releases energy, exothermic, then solubility will decrease.
* Molecular Size- If the size or weight of the individual molecules is
large then
solubility will be low because larger molecules are difficult to
surround with solvent molecules.
* Polarity- Generally only polar solute molecules will dissolve in
Solid A was identified to be sodium chloride, solid B was identified to be sucrose, and Solid C was identified to be corn starch. Within the Information Chart – Mystery White Solid Lab there are results that distinguishes itself from the other 4 experimental results within each test. Such as: the high conductivity and high melting point of sodium chloride, and the iodine reaction of corn starch. Solid A is an ionic compound due to its high melting point and high electrical conductivity (7), within the Information Chart – Mystery White Solid Lab there is only one ionic compound which is sodium chloride, with the test results of Solid A, it can be concluded that is a sodium chloride. Solid B was identified as sucrose due to its low electrical
Volume's Effect on a Copper Sulphate Solution We are trying to find out if the current though a copper sulphate solutions volume is increased. To find this information out I shall perform an experiment using the following equipment; · 1 power pack · 1 beaker · 2 carbon rods for anode and cathode · 1 ammeter · 1 measuring cylinder · 2 crocodile clip wirers I shall also be using 60cm3 volume of copper sulphate in my preliminary results to decide upon the concentration of copper sulphate and the voltage I shall use. The following diagrams show the step by step process in which I will do my experiment; [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] I will take 10 readings from 10cm3 to 100cm3. I will repeat my experiment to give my experiment a fair average. I will keep the power pack the beaker the carbon rods the crocodile clips the ammeter the concentration of copper sulphate and the measuring cylinder the same each time I do the experiment this experiment.
Finding the Solubility of Ca(OH)2 Aim: ---- To determine the solubility of Ca(OH)2. To carry out the aim of this experiment an experiment needs to be planned and carried out. I am given the information that the solubility of the Ca(OH)2 is between 1 to 1.5g per dm3. Also I am given a standard solution of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) which may have to be diluted to suit the measuring needs of the experiment. Apparatus: [IMAGE] * 1g of Ca(OH)2.
You have been asked to design an oral liquid formulation of ibuprofen for paediatric use.
The Solubility of Potassium Nitrate Aim To investigate how the solubility of Potassium Nitrate is affected by Temperature. Background Knowledge Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) is an ionic compound. The strong ionic bonds hold the compound in an ionic lattice which gives KNO3 its crystalline structure. These ionic bonds also have other properties which will affect my investigation, I must be aware of these properties for greater accuracy in my method.
In the non-fiction book “The Color of Water” by James McBride, in chapter 4, James punched the boy on the bus in the face because when he tried to warn his mom through the window of where the black panther’s son was sitting, he couldn’t stretch out far enough to yell for her to hear, then the counselor came over and told him to “write her a letter” (36) as the bus drove off. James quickly became intimidated and very fearful when he noticed the Black Panther standing next to his mommy. James clearly shows that he is scared for his mother’s safety and is now irritated that he was told to sit down and be quiet. It all started when Ruth, James mother, was mugged in chapter 4, by two black men who got hold of her and stole her purse while James was with her.
Determining the Concentration Of Limewater Solution Aim: The aim of this experiment is it to find out the concentration of Limewater by performing a titration with hydrochloric acid which has concentration exactly 2.00M.. What is required for me is that I have to design my own experiment and chose the right and appropriate apparatus and equipment. I will be provided with 250cm3 of limewater, which has been made to which contains approximately 1g/dm3 of calcium Hydroxide. This hypothesis from www.studentcentral.co.uk We were also give Hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a concentration of 2.00 mol/dm3 normal laboratory apparatus was also given and so was an indicator.
Water is the most important molecule that exists on the Earth. Without water living beings would not be able to live. Water is used for an immeasurable number of things. There are many properties of water, which makes this molecule so unique. One which people overlook is hardness. Hardness is defined in the Chemistry: The Central Science by Prentice Hall's as being "water that contains a relatively high concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and other divalent cations." Water containing these ions is not a health hazard; however, it is a problem for industries and households. Therefore, the hardness of water is vital to understand in order to prevent the problems it could cause.
6. I then rinsed out the beaker and glass rod into the flask to make
A precipitation reaction can occur when two ionic compounds react and produce an insoluble solid. A precipitate is the result of this reaction. This experiment demonstrates how different compounds, react with each other; specifically relating to the solubility of the compounds involved. The independent variable, will be the changing of the various chemical solutions that were mixed in order to produce different results. Conversely the dependent variable will be the result of the independent variable, these include the precipitates formed, and the changes that can be observed after the experiment has been conducted. The controlled variable will be the measurement of ten droplets per test tube.
of Copper Sulphate. To do this I plan to work out the amount of water
According to osmosis theory as the concentration of the sucrose solution increases the particles water potential increases and becomes higher than the particles that are in the
To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder
Water hardness is the amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water. When water passes through ground or rocks for example limestone the calcium and magnesium is dissolved into the water thus producing hard water. Water hardness does not easily give good lather with soap. There are two types of hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. Boiling the water can soften temporary hardness, by boiling, it converts the bicarbonates into insoluble carbonates. Magnesium sulphates that are very soluble and calcium sulphates that are slightly soluble cause permanent hardness. Permanent hardness cannot be precipitated.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is used extensively for prevention and treatment of eclamptic seizure (1, 2) and is considered as the ideal anti–convulsant drug in preeclampsia and eclampsia (3). The effect of Magnesium sulphate in vitro and in vivo on relaxing human uterine contractility was widely reported. Magnesium has a calcium antagonist effect that decreases calcium intracellular concentration and inhibits contraction process (4-6).