The Ethical, Social and Economic Benefits of the Commercial and Medical Use of Enzymes This essay will be discussing the ethical, social and economic benefits of the commercial and medical use of enzymes. Firstly, an enzyme is a biological catalyst produced in cells, which is capable of speeding up reactions by reducing the activation energy for a reaction to take place. Enzymes are proteins that are highly specific due to its active site, which is formed by the specific folding of the tertiary structure of the protein. An area with a shape corresponding to the substrate molecule can react with the enzyme to be broken down into new products. The enzyme and the substrate bind together forming an enzyme-substrate complex that allows the reaction to take place after which the enzyme falls away unaltered with the products made. The type of enzyme used in industry can be extracellular or intracellular enzymes. Intracellular enzymes will be more expensive to use due to the high cost of the downstream processing, which needs to take place to isolate the enzyme. In addition, immobilised enzymes can be used which adds an extra cost as the enzyme is entrapped in a medium or on the surface of a matrix. There are various advantages of this, e.g. it does not contaminate the product thus making downstream processing cheaper, enzyme can be reused many times, which is cheaper than periodic replacement and it stabilises the enzyme more so it can withstand higher temperatures. Benefits to the economy from the commercial and medical use of enzymes is that enzymes are able to reduce the energy needed for reactions to take place, thus saving industries money as they will not need to purchase and use high cost, specialised equipment to get conditions such as very high temperatures for reactions to take place. This can be seen in the paper making industry where the enzyme Xylanase is found, it acts on xylan, a substance that binds cellulose and lignin. This increases access for chemicals used in bleaching, without this
Enzymes are used to carry out reactions in a rapid manner otherwise the reaction would occur very slowly thus not being able to sustain life. Enzymes bind to a substrate that is specific to their task and then conforms into a product that is needed; the enzyme is then able to catalyze more of the same reaction. Enzymes and substrates act as a lock and a key since enzymes are made for a specific substrate and is able to form an enzyme-substrate complex (Department of Biology). Thus changes of the shape of an enzyme can inhibit its ability to catalyze a reaction. If the enzyme shape is alternated due to environmental conditions, it is denatured and can no longer act as a catalyst. Peroxidase is the type of enzyme used in this
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes use reactants, known as the substrates, and are converted into products. Through this chemical reaction, the enzyme itself is not consumed and can be used over and over again for future chemical reactions, but with the same substrate and product formed. Enzymes usually only convert specific substrates into products. Substrates bind to the region of an enzyme called the active site to form the enzyme/substrate complex. Then this becomes the enzyme/products complex, and then the products leave the enzyme. The activity of enzymes can be altered based on a couple of factors. Factors include pH, temperature and others. These factors, if they become
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
An enzyme is a protein that is produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. Enzymes have an area with a specific shape, called the active site of the enzyme. The molecule on which the enzyme acts is called a substrate. After the reaction has taken place and the products of the reaction leave the active site, leaving the enzyme ready for another reaction . The active site of an enzyme has such a particular shape that only one kind of molecule will fit it. This is why enzymes are specific to their substrate. The digestive enzymes break down food into small particles that get absorbed by the digestive system. These are the compounds that are used for fuel, repair and growth.
Enzymes are proteins that are used to accelerate bio chemical reactions. Enzymes can only react with what is called a substrate. This is because the enzyme has a specific working property, such as having a distinct shape that only allows a perfect fit of a substrate. This substrate locks itself to the enzyme and produces a product.
The purpose of this experiment was to witness how enzymes act in different conditions for instance how enzymes would react in different temperatures or a different ph level.We found that any temperature which is not the standard for the enzyme will lower the productivity. For the first lab we represented our hands as catalysts and we were connecting pop beads blindley to record how effective we were, in the second trial we put on gloves to simulate how enzymes react in different temperatures, we found out enzymes are less productive in different temperatures. The second lab was more literal we used yeast as our enzyme and we put paper
Enzymes are biological catalysts, chemical reactions. Enzyme may act are called substrates and molecules called enzyme converts these into different products. Enzyme are used commercially, for example, synthesis of antibiotics. The study of enzyme is called enzymology.
Abstract: Enzymes are catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction that takes place inside a living cell. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Peroxidase is an enzyme that is crucial in removing Hydrogen Peroxide which is produced as a by-product in some metabolic reactions. The lab was conducted to determine the effects of different factors on enzymes. Multiple experiments such as changes in temperature, concentration, inhibitors, Ph, and difference in the reaction rates were recorded. We divided the different experiments within our groups. Hydrogen Peroxide, Guaiacol, and peroxidase was prepared for the students, and each student used them accordingly for their experiments. Guaiacol
We need enzymes in order to survive, without enzymes some reactions would be too slow to keep you alive. Enzymes help cells communicate with each other to keep things under control in the cell. The purpose of this experiment is to understand the role of enzymes in maintaining life and to be able to identify and explain various factors that affect enzyme functions for example the
Parker, Michael. "The Best Possible Child." NCBI. Journal of Medical Ethics, May 2007. Web. 27
Our bodies involve and require many different biochemical reactions, which is achieved through the help of enzymes. Enzymes are proteins in our bodies that act as catalyst as they speed up vital biochemical reactions by reducing the “activation energy” needed to get the reaction going. To sustain the biochemistry of life, enzymes maintain temperature inside our living cells balanced and the concentration of reaction molecules. Enzymes are extremely efficient because they remain remarkably unchanged, therefore have the potential to be used over and over again. They are extremely specific with the reactions they catalyze, like a lock and key and, extremely reactive. The molecule to which enzymes make accelerated changes to is the substrate. The molecule that is present after the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is the product. Most enzymes require specific environmental conditions such as temperature and pH levels to be met in order for them to function properly and efficiently. In the first part of the lab we specifically examined a simple enzyme-catalyzed reaction using catechol (the substrate) which will be catalyzed by the enzyme catecholase and will then result in color change. This familiar color
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).
The issue brought before us today is whether the commercialization of organ transplants is both ethical and beneficial to the economy and populace as a whole. There are many issues which are centered on this decision on which I hope to shed some light and allow for better resolutions to be made. In nearly every country in the world, there is a shortage of kidneys for transplantation. According to Corydon Ireland, in the United States 73,000 people are on waiting lists to receive a kidney. About 4,000 can pass away every year before receive a lifesaving organ. (Corydon Ireland, Harvard News Office. February 14, 2008) Some of the benefits of organ commercialization are increased revenues and jobs, as it would open a whole new arena of business, more widely available organs to those in need, and a wider method by which under-performing citizens can create temporary cash flow. There are many arguments against the allowance of organ commercialization, they include the fact that many consider it unethical to sell body parts, concern over the safety of these procedures, and doubt as to how those who donate will be treated medically post-sale. The final, separate issue which would need to be addressed is how health insurance companies are to handle those who sell organs and any post-op health issues that relate to the sale.
All the systems in the human body work together to maintain homeostasis and normal body function. The five major systems are the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, transportation and excretory systems. These systems are then, in turn made of organs, tissue and cells. All the systems are interrelated therefore if one system fails then it impacts the others.
Enzymes are protein molecules that are made by organisms to catalyze reactions. Typically, enzymes speeds up the rate of the reaction within cells. Enzymes are primarily important to living organisms because it helps with metabolism and the digestive system. For example, enzymes can break larger molecules into smaller molecules to help the body absorb the smaller pieces faster. In addition, some enzyme molecules bind molecules together. However, the initial purpose of the enzyme is to speed up reactions for a certain reason because they are “highly selective catalysts” (Castro J. 2014). In other words, an enzyme is a catalyst, which is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without undergoing changes. Moreover, enzymes work with