The Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Hard Water
Aim
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In this experiment, we aim to investigate the effect of sodium
carbonate on hard water.
Method
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Firstly, 25.00cm3 of a sample of water was pipetted into a clean
conical flask. The pipette was used because this measures and delivers
a very accurate amount of liquid (to the nearest hundredth of a cm3,
or 0.01cm3), but care had to taken to make sure it was not held by the
bulge, as this could have made the amount inaccurate (as body
temperature heats the apparatus up and makes it expand). Also, the
pipette is used to avoid spillage, as the thin tube can put the water
straight into the appropriate container. Furthermore, a pipette filler
was used for safety purposes, because blowing or sucking could get
unwanted and potentially dangerous substances into the mouth. 0.500g
of sodium carbonate (a white powder) was added to the water, having
been carefully weighed on an electronic balance - this was very exact
and had a cover to maximise accuracy (it protected the balance from
being affected by wind or other particles). The balance measured the
mass of the powder to the nearest thousandth of a gram (i.e. 0.001g).
Then a burette on a stand was obtained, a considerable amount of soap
solution funnelled into it through the top (so the level reached near
the top) and 1cm3 of the solution added to the water. The burette
(glass tube with measurements marked on the side and a stopcock at the
bottom) was used because it very accurately lets out 1cm3 every time.
The conical flask was then corked (so no substances were able to
escape through the top) and shaken for ten seconds (this timed by a
stop-watch). It was observed whether a permanent lather (one that
lasted for more than ten seconds - again a stop-watch was used) was
created. If so, the result of 1cm3 being added was recorded. If not,
then the process of adding a cm3 of soap solution and shaking the
2. Width of the base which divided to 3 groups: 1: More than 5 mm; 2: between 3-5 mm; less than 3 mm.
This shows that there is a difference of 2cm between A and B, and B
concentrations of 10mM, 20mM and 40mM. What this finding tells us is that our manipulation
3. We have to drop the ball from the top of the ruler to the bottom
* Surface Area - This will not affect any of my results, as we are
Slender-soda advertised its soft drink on the notion that their beverage would help reduce weight, however, the participants used in the study were relatively lean with a body mass index (BMI) of 22, while a majority of Americans have a BMI of 25 (“Steps in Experimental Design,” 2014). A lawsuit followed in which it declared that Slender-soda’s campaign is evasive because it is formed on one short-term study financially supported by the Slender-soda Company. The Slender-soda Company needs substantial empirical evidence to reveal that their product will help their buyers decrease weight.
If I were using a cut out of length 1cm, the equation for this would
The researcher conducting this experiment is trying to find out which salt- Epsom, table salt, and sea salt- will increase the boiling point of water the most. Sodium chloride is believed to increase the boiling point of water because when salt is suspended into the water, the sodium and chlorine ions leave the “salt crystals” and mix with the water molecules. (“Why does salt… raise boiling point of water?”, 2009).
of course zero cm. From dropping the ball we can see how high the ball
Investigating the Hardness of Water Planning Aim To investigate the hardness of water in 5 different water solutions Background knowledge about hard water The hardness of water is caused by the presence of Calcium 2+ and magnesium 2+ ions in the water. These minerals in water can cause some everyday problems. They react with soap and produce a deposit called "soap scum" that remains on the skin and clothes and, because it is insoluble and sticky, cannot be removed by rinsing. Soap curd changes the pH of the skin and may cause infection and irritation. It also remains on the hair making it dull and difficult to manage.
The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate
Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water,
The size of this depends on the mass of the object and the size of the
Objective: The purpose of this lab is to determine which cylinder, the 10mL or 100mL is will produce a more accurate measurement. It was also looking to determine the accuracy of measurement
Discuss the unit of distance of the soda bottle that was used in this experiment. The unit of distance could be measured using the metric system, which would be centimeters, or meters or it might have been measured in inches or feet. My question is which unit of measurement did my lab partners use to measure the soda bottle.