Varnishes are used every day, whether it is used to coat the surface of wood or applied on teeth as a fluoride. It is a thin, sticky, black or brown film deposit that can be found in the interior of lubrication systems (Guerzoni, F. 2009). Varnish is thin and insoluble and can also be found on bearings and servo-valves (Badal, L et al. 2005). Varnish is a high-molecular weight substance that is insoluble in oil (Badal, L et al. 2005). Build-up of varnish in machinery can eventually lead to maintenance problems (Guerzoni, F. 2009).
Varnish is hard to remove and forms when a lubricant decomposes because of a variety of factors such as the age of the oil, the condition of equipment, or the maintenance practices (Guerzoni, F. 2009). Varnish can also be formed “by turbine oils from insoluble materials under severe or unusual operating conditions” (Badal, L et al. 2005). There are some factors that can accelerate the build-up of varnish such as: “hot spots, cool spots, air entrainment, metal catalysts, water, and oil contaminant” (Guerzoni, F. 2009). Varnish can affect machinery in a number of ways such as: “reduced oil life, loss of heat transfer in heat exchanges, decreased filter life, increased damage to bearings, gears, seals, and valves, and sticking of moving parts” (Guerzoni, F. 2009). Varnish can be associated with operational issues on a machine’s movement or function, contributions toward wear and corrosion, increased component wear due to dirt attracted from varnish, plugging of small orifices, damage to mechanical seals, and being a heat insulator causing more heat, friction, and energy in machinery (Badal, L et al. 2005). Varnish can also cause companies to have unexpected repair costs and extended down times, causing a ...
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...ellulosic, synthetic, polyurethane, waterborne and acidhardening varnishes used woods. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 638+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA251856634&v=2.1&u=mlin_s_thomas&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w
Lobon, M. G., & Quinteros, J. D. (2008). The conservation treatment of a large varnished watercolour by Tasmanian colonial artist Frederick Strange (c. 1807-1873). Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Materials Bulletin [AICCM Bulletin], 31, 44+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA264922371&v=2.1&u=mlin_s_thomas&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w
Malik, M., & Mansur, A. (2011). Copper sulphate poisoning and exchange transfusion. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 22(6), 1240. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA272961026&v=2.1&u=mlin_s_thomas&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w
Rosie Gascoigne, is an artist who has aspired an appreciation for undiserable remnants and utilised with them in purpose to produce an assemblage of work that sees into a reflection of the past and present landscape of Australian society. Her growing motivation has taken further interest and development as the founding layers of her work through her deliberate perception, subject to the preservation of the environment and surrounding landscape. Gascoigne’s work offers an insight into deep country outback life of an Australian individual and introduces conceptualities that mirror a focus situated about ‘re-using’, ‘ recycling’ and understanding the insightful meaning present within everyday remnants. Her work is a collective gathering of selected materials to form a composition or an
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.
Smiles, 1990, ‘Splashes,’ Scrawlers’ and Plasterers,’ British Landscape Painting and the Language of Criticism 1800-40’ in Turner Studies: His Art and Epoch 1775-1851, Vol. 10 No. 1 Summer 1990.
Talbot, William Henry Fox. "Brief Historical Sketch of the Invention of the Art." The pencil of nature. New York: Da Capo Press, 1969. 3-14. Print.
Transformer oil is organic and therefore oxidizes and decays; creating oxidation by-products which destroy the paper insulation. The aging of transformer oil is caused by the oxidation process of the oil; therefore, c...
Stokstad, M., & Cothren, M. W. (2008). Art history: Volume 1 (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall. Print.
As with many advances in industry and technology, we can thank war for increasing the interest in research for art conservation. After the Great War, the British Museum unpacked its collections after wartime storage in the Underground railway tunnels. Many items had unexpectedly deteriorated in a relatively short time; iron had rusted, bronze developed green corrosion, pottery and stone objects were covered in growth of salt crystals. The museum then decided to set up a permanent scientific research laboratory to further its understanding of the causes of deterioration of materials and learning methods of treating its effects. Conservation of art is now a full-time academic pursuit with Master’s programs at many universities in the United States with the intent to study, prevent, maintain, and restore cultural work.
Stokstad, Marilyn, and Michael Watt Cothren. Art History. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011.
A recent restoration of The Mill has exposed that the background depicted in the painting was made up of blue skies that was earlier covered by varnish that had been discolored. Such discovery has further strengthened the expression of the art piece. Rembrandt’s extends a sensati...
Scholar by a Waterfall [album leaf]. (October 2006). Figure 3: Retrieved on April 30, 2010 from: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, at http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/07/eac/ho_1973.120.9.htm
The equipment they are using was not originally designed for the lower viscosity of Greasex.
Davies, Penelope J.E, et al. Janson’s History of Art Eighth Edition Volume 1. Upper Saddle River: Laurence King Publishing ltd, London. 2011. Print.
201) of the Wandjinas rock painting in Western Australia. He explains the bureaucracy that was demonstrated by the local government who were called by Mr. Lorin Bishop, the owner of the cattle station where the Wandjina rock art was situated, who was concerned that the art was ‘deteriorating’. The Federal Minister for Aboriginal affairs hired a group of unemployed workers from Derby to “restore” (Michaels, 1988, p.201) the work.
Oil spills has been an ongoing problem worldwide. Also, on a minor case it creates a hazardous effect on the environment. It is also very dangerous to the animals and their habitat. Most of the time, the damage it causes is irreversible. So the animals lose their homes causing them to be endangered. Increasing the quantity of oil drilling and oil shipping can certainly lead to a lot of oil spills. Existing strategies of cleaning up oil spills are not up to the task. Magnetic engineering (Nanotechnology) may well be the answer.
The subject of art conservation and restoration has long been debated in the art world. Experts and historians have never agreed that all art must be salvaged at any cost. This paper will examine what art conservation and restoration is, what is involved in these endeavors, and what has been done over the centuries to many of history’s cherished art pieces.