Varicella zoster virus
Varcella zoster virus is commonly known as chicken pox and shingles. It 's part of the DNA virus family also called Herpesviridae. The Herpesviridae family consists of eight different species that is identified to infect humans. The first two Herpesviridae species: HHV-1 and HHV-2 caused herpes labialis and genital herpes. Varicella zoster species is HHV-3 virus that is a recurrent virus, similar to other herpes viruses. Varcella zoster virus has the ability to persist in the body after the first infection as a dormant infection. VZV persists in sensory nerve ganglia. The primary symptoms of VZV are varicella and herpes zoster or also known as shingles. Shingles are the outcome of reactivation of dormant VZV infection. Thomas Weller was the first scientist to isolate and culture the virus by in 1954. In March 1995, the first vaccine was licensed to use in the United State. Varcella zoster virus have its own unique history, pathology, and morphology as well as diagnosis and treatment that are further discussed In this paper.
Even through this virus have been cultured in 1954, the earliest report of symptoms that is similar to vercella and herpes zoster dated back to ancient civilization. An Italian physician, Giovanni Filippo was the one who discovered varcella. However, varcella was believed to be smallpox and not a different virus. In the 1700 's, It was Richard Morton, who recognition that chicken pox and small pox as two distinct viruses. In 1875, Rudolf Steiner confirmed that chicken pox was contagious by using the vesicular fluid from varicella blister of a patient and using it on volunteers. The volunteer then contracted varicella which prove his finding. The connection between vacella and he...
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...here is not clear explanation in why the virus is reactivated. The reactivation of varicella zoster virus occurs only for older adults. Like varicella, most people only have one incident of herpes zoster in their lifetime. There are cases where people have two to three incidents, but those cases are very rare. Even though people who have varicella vaccine they can still develop herpes zoster, it 's recommended for people whose 60 and older to have the zoster vaccine. The sign of herpes zoster is red patches, fluid-filled blisters, and extreme itch. Some individual feel fever, chills, headache, fatigue or muscle weakness. The rash and blister tend to locate near the face, torso, and neck. Some treatment for the symptom are anti-inflammation drugs, antihistamines, numbing creams and narcotic medications. These medicine can only help. They can 't prevent shingles.
Edward Jenner, “the father of immunology”, was born on May 17, 1749. He was one of nine siblings and he was treated for smallpox for a very long period of his childhood. I predict that his treatment to small pox as an infant encouraged his work into creating the vaccine for smallpox itself. It is said that his work “saved more lives than the work of any other human”. He found the similarities of cowpox and smallpox, and then analyzed his experiments to conclude that previous cowpox patients had immunization to smallpox.
The Shingles is an extremely painful condition. Patients who suffer from the Shingles face immense physical pain. For patient L, a 21-year-old female from Davis, California, it was no different. She characterized her experience with the Shingles as starting off with sharp pain traveling up her back through her spinal cord, causing massive headaches. While she was in a lot of physical pain, patient L, being the lackadaisical 21-year-old she is, choose to ignore her discomfort. However, as the pain grew exponentially worse, she began to develop a brick-red rash as well as “puss-filled bulbs” on her back. These bulbs were extremely painful, especially when they were opened. The pain grew worse and the bulbs continued to protrude on her back. She
Shingles, herpes zoster, is a very contagious and painful rash, or blister that appears on the skin. These rashes most commonly appear on the sides of the body in stripes. The stripes are made up of many very painful blisters caused by a certain type of virus. The varicella zoster, most commonly known as the chicken pox virus attacks the nerve roots in that area. The herpes zoster virus is in the herpes family, including HSV, herpes simple virus, which causes cold sores, fever blisters, and genital herpes. (WebMD, 2011) Most people are required to get the chicken pox shot when they are children although some do not. The chicken pox shot helps to keep out the virus by keeping it dormant in the nerves. The varicella zoster virus stays in a few cells; this is how shingles appear suddenly. It appears when the dormant cells become active in the later years of life.
Most patients may begin with symptoms of a runny nose, cold or sinusitis that continue to persist longer than normal upper respiratory infections and fail to respond to therapeutic measures. Even though, not all patients experience all of the symptoms, the severity of the disease is different for each patient. Other symptoms can include: arthritic joint pain, blood in urine, cough (with or without presence of blood), fever, inflammation of the ear with hearing problems, inflammation of the eye with vision problems, lack of energy, loss of appetite, nasal membrane ulcerations and crusting, night sweats, numbness of limbs, pleuritis (inflammation of the lining of the lung), rash and/or skin sores, saddle-nose deformity, weakness, fatigue, and weight
Herpes. Herpes, a word that all of us know, something that gets made fun of by the raunchiest of comedians, a suggestion of a loose life style, a complex virus that was only recently seen as something to be feared since the early 1970’s for a target of money for pharmaceutical companies. Yet as common to be referenced by Shakespeare in Romeo and Juliet, and is a virus that is known worldwide, and almost every one has experienced in one-way or another.
Characteristics and transmission. Herpes Simplex originates from the herpesviridae family. It is a DNA virus that is has a lipid bilayer envelope with glycoprotein spikes when active.2 HSV contains a capsid that contains capsomeres, tegument (which initiates replication) and a genome.3 In its latent form, HSV does not have an envelope to remain dormant on the trigeminal nerve ganglion.1 However, that does not mean the person is no longer affected; the virus can always reactivate itself. Since the virus remains in neural tissue, it can invade the brain and destroy it.
Shingles is a rash on the skin that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chicken pox. The rash is extremely painful and is accompanied with many additional symptoms. The first symptoms are located on one side of the body and include tingling, pain, or burning sensations around these areas. The second symptom of Shingles is a red rash that develops in patches on the skin. Finally the rash then develops into small blisters that end up bursting, drying out, and then flaking off. Other common symptoms include abdominal pain, general ill feeling, headaches, and joint pain (Sampathkumar, P., et al, 2009).
The smallpox disease is caused by the Variola virus, a virus of the Orthopox family, which also includes cowpox, monkeypox, and other related diseases (Tucker 5). Two variants
During one of his earlier apprenticeships, Jenner noticed milkmaids with a disease called cowpox. Cowpox is a close relative to smallpox and is only mild in humans. Pustules appear on the hands and a basic cold is also brought on. At Jenner’s young age he was able to link these two viruses together and come up with a theory for immunization. In 1796, while still attending medical school, Jenner decided to test this theory between smallpox and cowpox. He used a dairymaid, who was a patient of his named Sarah Nelms, who had contracted cowpox and had ripe pustules on her hands. Jenner realized this was his opportunity to test someone who had not contracted smallpox yet. He picked an eight-year old boy named James Phipps to use as his test subject. He scraped open a spot of James' arm and rubbed in a dissected piece of Sarah Nelms pustule into the open wound. A couple days later James became ill with cowpox but was well again within a week. This test proved that cowpox could be spread between humans as well as cows. Jenner's next test would be if the cowpox virus gave James immunity against smallpox. On July 1st of 1796, Edward Jenner obtained an infected smallpox pustule and scratched the virus filled pus into James' arm. This technique of placing a virus into a patient is called variolation. James Phipps did not develop smallpox within the
The first discovery was made in 1952, in the developing field of virology. Virology is the study of viruses and how they behave. To develop the vaccines for the viruses, researchers infected the HeLa cells with many types of infections, such as measles, mumps, and the infamous poliomyelitis virus, also known as Polio. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), whose mission is to save lives and protect people’s health security, Polio is a "crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by a virus that spreads from person to person invading the brain and spinal cord and causing paralysis" (Freeman). Jonas Salk, who was a virologist at the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), used inactivated viruses (virus particles grown in culture and then killed by a form of heat) to create a polio vaccine. Salk drew blood from about two million children, which the NFIP checked for immunization.Through the collection of many HeLa cells and trial and error, the polio vaccine wa...
Vaccines are one of modern medicine 's game-changing breakthroughs, but they have been around for hundreds of years earlier in primitive forms. Dating back to medieval times, the first precursor to modern vaccination occurred in China around the tenth century. (2) Known as variolation or inoculation, the method was used to prevent smallpox that plagued Europe and Asia. (2) Chinese doctors found that when healthy people were exposed to smallpox scab tissue, they were less likely to get infected or got a milder, less dangerous case. (2) The most common form of inoculation in China was to crush smallpox scabs into powder and then breathe it through the nose.(2) Because smallpox was such a destructive disease, in the late 1700 's, George Washington ordered mandatory inoculation for troops who hadn 't survived smallpox before. (2) Also in the late 1700 's, Edward Jenner
Pandemics and epidemics are diseases that affect many people all over the world. They cause millions of deaths and leave many people sick. Most epidemics are contagious and spread very quickly. One kind of epidemic is the variola virus. Variola virus is most known by the name smallpox. it got it’s nickname from the small blisters that appear on the face and arms. Smallpox is believed to have originated in Egypt or Northeastern Africa about 10,000 years ago. It soon reached Asia during the middle ages and reached Europe in 700 A.D.In 18th Century Europe it killed about 400,000 people a year. In the 20th Century alone, it has killed about 300 million. This disease has also led to the downfall of the Aztec Empire and killed many royal figures from France, Russia and other countries.
The concept of vaccines has existed around the world for hundreds of years. One of the first methods of vaccinations was known as variolation. (purple). Variolation was popular in China as
It is noticed that science develops in splashes, each significantly advancing our understanding of the nature. The 19th century was the time of rapid development of microbiology. In the search for secrets of nature science has reached extremely high and low energies as well as large and small length scales. Still until recently we knew very little about one of the most complex aspects of life – microbes and infection. Now we are at the dawn of efflorescence in molecular biology, which provides an excellent basis for application into several areas of biology like cancer and virology . Revelations of molecular biology become extremely crucial, as they provide insights into the way molecules work.
Chicken pox is not an Entrée that is served at one’s family holiday dinner party. Chicken pox is an extremely contagious disease caused by the Varicella zoster virus. Chicken Pox is not a disease that is known to affect other animals or insects. Unlike other diseases, where human and other animal close interaction causes the exchange of virus and disease this disease did not come from a human-chicken interaction. The name chicken pox has been stuck for generations; there are many theories behind its name. Chicken pox could sneak up on its young victims in the form of an innocent touch, or by inhaling tiny particles from a cough, or sneeze which then enters the respiratory tract. Once the virus attaches itself to it gracious, and unwilling host cells it causes a crimson rash that could be located on different parts of the body. The rash is highly irritating which makes it almost impossible not scratch. In the United States each year about 5,000 to 9,000 people are hospitalized, and around 100 people die from the microbe Varicella zoster that causes chicken pox.