Over the last decade, nanoparticles have been paid much attention due to their special physical and chemical properties. This interest is because the properties of them are different from their bulk material. More specifically, gold nanoparticles can be used in many fields: semiconductors, biosensors, catalysis and biomedicine (1). It can be synthesized by a number of different methods such as, by radiation (2), Vapor deposition (3), electrochemically (4) and thermal decomposition (5). In addition, it can be attached to carbon nanotubes to synthesis a functional hybrid great metal/CNTs catalytic material.
Carbon nanotubes have been one of the most excited researches since their discovery in 1991 by Iijima. This paper will point out a method of supporting gold nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using synchrotron x-ray reduction (6).
The synchrotron radiation , similar to cyclotron radiation, is an electromagnetic radiation. Acceleration of charged particles to high speed produces this electromagnetic radiation. Its theory was first examined by Schwinger. Synchrotron radiation plays a vital role in emerging technologies and pure science.
In this study, synchrotron x-ray was used to attach gold nanoparticles on MWCNTs. The diverse shape of the hybrid Au/CNTswas observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and identified using energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS).
Firstly, MWCNTs were boiled in nitric acid for 3 or 6 hours to be purified. After purification of MWCNTs, they were dispersed in 50 mL distilled water using ultrasound. After that, 0.4 mL of 0.1M NaOH and 1 mL of 0.05M HAuCl4 4H2O were added respectively to the MWCNTs solution. The following reaction illustrates that some hydroxides and solvat...
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....S. Yeh, Y.S. Yang, Y.P. Lee, H.F. Lee, Y.H. Yeh, C.S. Yeh, Formation and characteristics of Cu colloids from CuO powder by laser irradiation in 2-propanol, J. Phys. Chem. B 103 (1999) 6851–6857.
3- A.A. Ponce, K.J. Klabunde, Chemical and catalytic activity of copper nanoparticles prepared via metal vapor synthesis, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 225(2005) 1–6.
4- M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, Size-selective synthesis of nanostructured transition metal clusters, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (1994) 7401–7402.
5- Y.H. Kim, D.K. Lee, B.G. Jo, J.H. Jeong, Y.S. Kang, Synthesis of oleate capped Cunanoparticles by thermal decomposition, Colloids Surf. A 284–285 (2006) 364–368.
6- Kuan-Nan Lin, Tsung-Yeh Yang, Hong-Ming Lin, (2007). A novel method of supporting gold nanoparticles. Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.. 5, pp.237–241
The purpose for this experiment was to determine why it was not possible to obtain a high percent yield when Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with a concentration of 0.101 M was mixed with Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M at varying volumes yielding Calcium Iodate precipitate and Potassium Nitrate. Filtration was used to filter the precipitates of the solutions. The percent yield for solution 1 was 87.7%, and the percent yield for solution 2 was 70.8%. It was not possible to obtain a high percent yield because Calcium Iodate is not completely soluble and some of the precipitates might have been rinsed back to the filtrates when ethanol was used to remove water molecules in the precipitate.
At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to cycle solid copper through a series of chemical forms and return it to its original form. A specific quantity of copper undergoes many types of reactions and goes through its whole cycle, then returns to its solid copper to be weighted. We observed 5 chemical reactions involving copper which are: Redox reaction (which includes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed), double displacement reaction, precipitation reaction, decomposition reaction, and single displacement reaction. 4HNO3(aq) + Cu(s) --> Cu (NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O (l) + 2NO2(g) Oxidation reduction reaction Cu (NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) --> Cu (OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) Precipitation Reaction Cu (OH)2(s) + heat --> CuO (s) + H2O (l) Decomposition reaction CuO (s) + H2SO Data Results: (mass of copper recovered / initial mass of copper) x 100 Mass of copper recovered: 0.21 Initial mass of copper: 0.52 (0.21/0.52)x100 =40.38%.
If heat is applied to Copper (Ⅱ) sulfate pentahydrate, then the experimental form will be equivalent to the theoretical formula. Important key data that will be needed to achieve the goal of the lab experiments includes the initial mass of hydrated crystal, the final mass of anhydrous crystal, the
[9] 2009, “CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th edition,” American Chemical Society CNC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 631-637
Gold bears quite a number of chemical properties that I will discuss in details down here. These point out on how gold behaves at various conditions. The chemical formula of gold is Au which is derived from its chemical name. When it comes to gold’s activity, it is not chemically active. This means that it greatly resists any kind of chemical reaction. In most cases, it rarely reacts with other chemicals. Gold is easily reduced from a compound to become a metal. It has two main compounds. These compounds are the Chloral-auric acid as well as the auric chloride. When we come to how gold reacts with certain acids, it is clear that there is an acid that is very able to dissolve this element. This acid is known as Aqua regia and is a combination of hydrochloric and nitric acids. Gold is not able to react with non-metals. Under this case, it only reacts with halogens and forms what is known as halides. The main alloys that can be used to make gold harder include platinum metal and silver (Tocci,
This is called copper oxide. The copper carbonate has been decomposed. Copper oxide is made by thermal decomposition of copper carbonate. Carbon dioxide is also made. The formula for this is: Copper Carbonate =
In our experiment we utilized the hydrate cobaltous chloride. Hydrates are crystalline compounds in which one or more molecules of water are combined with each unit of a salt. Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate is an inorganic compound which is a deep rose color in its hydrated form. As an inducer of
The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Aim Analyse and evaluate the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. Results Voltage across Concentration of solution electrode 0.5M 1.0M 2.0M 2 5.0 10.6 19.5 4 10.5 19.8 40.3 6 14.3 26.0 60.2 8 15.2 40.4 80.3 10 15.0 40.2 99.6 12 15.1 40.0 117.0 Analysing/Conclusion The input variables in this experiment are; concentration of the solution and the voltage across the electrodes. The outcome is the amount of copper gained (measured in grams) at the electrodes. By analyzing the graph, we can see the rapid increase of weight gained for the 2.0 molar concentration as the gradient is steeper.
Thickett, Geoffrey. Chemistry 2: HSC course. N/A ed. Vol. 1. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2006. 94-108. 1 vols. Print.
Gold NPs are one of the most popular NP that have been widely used in researches for their inertness, biocompatibility, easy synthesis in different sizes and shapes. Due to their small size, gold NPs are absorbed in blood circulation and they have good permeation in tumor tissue. This is called enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR). Due to their unique optical properties and high z (z= 79), AuNPs are ideal for hyperthermia and radiation sensitization, respectively.
Haynes, William M.., and David R. Lide. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data : 2012-2013. 93e édition. ed. Boca Raton (Fla.): CRC Press, 2012. Print.
The sample was subjected to steam distillation as illustrated in Figure 1. A total of 50ml of distillate was collected while recording the temperature for every 5.0 ml of distillate. The distillate was transferred into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask and 3.0 g of NaCl was added. The flask was cooled and the content was transferred into a 250-ml separatory funnel. Then 25.0ml of hexane was added and the mixture was shaken for 5 minutes with occasional venting. The aqueous layer was discarded and the organic layer was left inside. About 25.0ml of 10% NaOH was then added and the mixture was shaken as before. The aqueous layer was collected and then cooled in an ice bath. It was then acidified with enough 6.00 M HCl while the pH is being monitored with red litmus paper. Another 25.0 ml of hexane was added and the mixture was shaken as before. The hexane extract was saved and a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added. The mixture was then swirled for a couple of minutes then filtered. A small amount of the final extracted was tested separately with 1% FeCl3 and Bayer’s reagent.
American Chemical Society. "Carbon nanotubes twice as strong as once thought." ScienceDaily, 16 Sep. 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/