Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Compare and contrast attribution theories by kelley and jones and davis
Fundamental attribution error case study
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Our everyday behaviors can reveal the personality traits we have based on our habits or behaviors. Applying psychological concepts to them helps to understand these behaviors better and why certain people behave one way or another. I’ve noticed that I tend to judge people mostly how their physical behavior and the way they interact with people. I’ve come to find that when I do that it helps me to determine what type of person they are and if I would want to know them better such as becoming friends with them. Many times I’ve had strangers come up and try to make a conversation with me. Although I did try to be pleasant to them, I really wasn’t interested in making a conversation with them. When I think back about those moments, I feel that …show more content…
I always try to imagine the future of a certain event and I imagine different aspects of it and how it can turn out bad. But on the other hand, I’m a very independent person and I’m always determined to strive toward a certain goal. Many times, I find people who are always offering to help me with something. And I often feel bad because I reject them and say that I can do this on my own, I don’t need any help. Because of this, I thought it would be interesting to find out why I act this certain way in most situations. This is sort of like a personality trait but also a habit that I notice I do everyday. I feel like this also has to do with my response to an experience. For example, if something unpleasant has occurred in my past, I have learned the lesson and as a result act differently than I did before. It would be interesting to apply a couple of psychological concepts and see how the way they work to influence my personality and my …show more content…
Because of the way I judge other’s behaviors to figure out who they are as a person is an example of attribution theory. Attribution theory is attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to others in order to understand their behavior. For example, when I am at the store and I see a person helping someone else. I think to myself and classify them as a nice thoughtful person and that they are doing what they are doing because of the way they were brought up. Something else I use in social thinking is fundamental attribution error. Fundamental attribution is the way you look at another person 's behavior and try to explain their behavior in terms of external or internal factors such as personal characteristics or a situation. Often times people tend to overestimate the internal factors and underestimate the influence of external factors. Like I mentioned above, I judge people based on their impression, fundamental attribution error can play a role in this. Since I am looking and analyzing a person’s behavior to figure out what the person is like, I am paying too much attention to their personal characteristics and chose to ignore the situation they are in. For example, when I see someone acting rude in public I assume that that person is someone who I would not want to meet because they look like a bad person based on their behavior. But that is the part where the error is.
“Everyday conceptions of personality traits make two key assumptions. First, traits are stable over time… Second, it is generally believed that traits directly influence behavior” (Matthews, Deary, & Whiteman, 2003). Traits can be used as explanations or reasoning for behavior or mood. There have been several notable psychologists to agree with and study the trait theory of personality. Gordon Allport was a psychologist that devoted his work to personality psychology with a focus on the trait perspective (Allport, 1961). Carr and Kingsbury (1938) advocated for further research into personality traits and the idea that the human personality was made specifically of traits even if the traits were not always overt or observable, but rather a person’s behavior could be interpreted to learn about what traits they may
An individual’s behaviour may differ depending on the circumstances they are in though there are definite signs of repetitive behaviour when placed in majority of the situations. These characteristics are known as traits which make up the personality of each person (Engler, 2014). Personality theorists do not have a mutual agreement on how the term personality should be used. They each have their definition of personality thus providing a large number of diverse personality theories (Engler, 2014). For example, Eysenck (1970) defined personality as a relatively permanent and consistent composition of an individual’s disposition that in turn establishes how the person adjusts to their
Today’s classrooms are designed after a few key theories. One of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism is the idea that we can control others through intervention as a higher order of animals. One of the guiding principles of behaviorism is scheduling, which helps initiate behaviorism strategies of learning. One of those strategies is contracting in which a teacher and a student negotiate to create a desirable outcome. Another is a token economy which uses contracting and scheduling to produce systematic results. In addition, prompting is the idea that a student will know what to do if a certain activity occurs. Modeling is simply the idea that your behavior will determine that of your students. Finally, Rote learning is the concept of use it
One behavior that I tend to exhibit is stress. I often worry about things, like the future, and anticipate on this going wrong often. “You think about how your choices and their consequences could affect you down the road.” (“My Virtual Life” Emerging Adulthood) “You’ve thought about the future some, and will probably be feeling worried the more you think about it.” (“My Virtual Life” Emerging Adulthood) I need to relax a little about things, and let life happen as it does. The majority of things that I worry about are beyond my control. This might serve as obstacles later in life because stress can lead to health problems. A lifetime of stress can hurt your heart and blood pressure, along with other things.
One of the problems with strict behavioral theory is that it very much ignores the ‘human variable’. When we reduce things strictly to stimulus and response, we can easily forget that there are human feelings, thoughts, and cognitions that are involved in the expression of a behavior as well. In the case of Roger a behaviorist will take everything at face value. If Roger comes in and says he is having trouble studying, it is very likely that the behaviorist will agree with him based on the observable evidence and come up with a reinforcement contingency of some sort to correct his ‘problem’.
Behaviorism is a foundational theory in the world of psychology. However, behaviorism though it was a flourishing influential idea during the beginnings of psychology, it suffered a decline when other aspects of scientific research entered the psychology practice. Behaviorism was the scientific study of behavior. A plethora of great thinkers have made their marks with discoveries in behaviorism but B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential thinkers during the decline of behaviorism and the rise of experimental psychology.
Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that has a theoretical approach that gives emphasis to the study of behavior in place of the subject of the mind or the physiological correlates of one's behavior. Behavior is the externally visible response to a stimulus of an animal or human (Weidman). B.F. Skinner is one of the most prominent psychologists of the study of behaviorism. Skinner was on the advance of behaviorism. B.F. Skinner created a group of theories that set out to prove that subjective impetus is not what behavior in humans and animals is so much based on but that behavior is more based on possible reward received and chastisement applied to the animal or human (Newsmakers). Skinner entered into the branch of behaviorism in the 1920s. Behaviorism was still a fairly new branch to psychology at this time. However, Skinner's experiments in his libratory were broadly consideration to be electrifying and ground-breaking, illuminating an knowledge of human behavior and logistics (Newsmakers). Skinner called such behavior based on possible reward received and chastisement that was followed by the repetition of that behavior operant.
In the day to day life, experiences and connections are made. Many things that occur in one’s life can all stem from their individual personality, but interpreting how one’s personality guides their life presents a difficult challenge. Many actions, quirks, and patterns that a person has are easily noted due to the ability to see it, but the puppeteer behind these habits is an individual’s personality. A certain personality type can affect the perception of certain events and the reactions/feelings to certain outcomes. While one person might see a situation as dreadful, another may see it entirely different. We tend to find ourselves side by side with people we see similarities between due to a parallel in certain traits, but no two individuals are exactly the same based on differences in personality. Success is hinged on many things and one of those things is the development of self-awareness. To know oneself is key to tackling on intimidating tasks and situations, but to also grow in terms of knowledge and synergy. In my attempt to
The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is a concept within social psychology that assumes when someone is aggressive, it is due to a flaw in their personality as opposed to a reaction to their personal circumstances (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). However, there is typically a situational reason for the other person’s behavior that is not taken into account through the FAE (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). I have been guilty of making the FAE myself; for example, I can think of two situations where my frustration led me to believe that there were flaws in my antagonists’ characters. Recently, my mother wanted me to assist my brother in scheduling classes for the semester. Since I was annoyed that my mother was insisting that I assist him when
This theory is adapted by an induvial by watching others. I’ve learned pretty much everything through my friends and family to not know how to fully think on my own yet. Cognitive-Social Theory focuses on Albert Bandura's two main points of Reciprocal determinism and Self-efficacy. Reciprocal determinism is when our personality is shaped by interaction among cognitive factors, behavior, and environment. This can happen in three ways by: our friends influencing us, how we interpret and react to events, and situations to which we interact. I am totally deceptible of peer pressure and easily influenced, coming to a new school and new friends influenced a lot of my decisions. My new friends influenced my clothing choice to a more “preppy” expensive style. I started to listen to country music, care about makeup, and became a lot more girly due to my fashionable down-to-earth friends of mine. Also, our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events. Because I tend to very anxious, I help sometimes my situations with a lot of high stress because I get very stressed out quickly. Lastly, our personalities help create situations to which we interact, we often treat others on how they treat us by teaching them how to treat us. Because we usually learn how to treat other by how we’re acting, this should always be a common reminder for us to observe how we are behaving. While Self-efficacy is a person's
In the field of psychology many models have approached metal illness from different perspectives. Psychologists use models to depict or explain things that cannot be perceive. Psychologists use these models in order to explain, comprehend and treat mental illness. These models include the behavioral model, the psychodynamic model and the humanistic model. All of these models approach and explain mental illness from different perspectives.
The way we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world influences our behaviors and our beliefs. The opinions we have of others also affect our behavior and how we view ourselves within different social contexts. Social Psychologists are interested in all aspects of interpersonal attraction and the ways that psychology can improve those interactions (“Understanding” n.d.). The social research being conducted “…can help us acknowledge how we form attitudes towards other people within our lives, and in the case that these formed attitudes could be detrimental, how to allow understanding in order to conform” (“Understanding” n.d.). Social Psychologists have studied interpersonal relationships for years trying to understand how they
A large part of human behavior is learned, and it is possible for the learned behavior to become unlearned. New behaviors can be learned throughout a person’s lifetime. This is what the behavioral model of personality is all about. Research for the Behavioral Model of Personality was mainly conducted on animals. This was because animals were easier to attain for research purposes than humans. The findings that came from animal research was later put to use with humans’ real life situations. The Behavioral Model of Personality helps determine how behavior is formed in the first place, how to correct bad behaviors, and how to integrate new behaviors in people that produce
Many factors make up the theory, and although there is a lot of information on it, many psychologists are still studying it today. We all form impressions differently which makes human interacting so interesting. Different traits, central, peripheral, and effect of observer traits play a big part in forming an impression. Central traits refer to who we are deep down, while peripheral traits refer to who we are sometimes. Peripheral traits stuck out to me because we tend to remember those traits of any other traits other people possess. It’s important to remember to never judge a book by its cover. We obviously have a tendency to make judgments with limited information and learning more about how and why we do this was very interesting to me. The girl who is quiet in class may not be who we think she is, she might not be that girl who thinks she’s too good to participate, she may have severe anxiety and every time she wants to speak her anxiety stops her from doing so. It’s important to slowly form impressions, although we automatically do this, we should be more aware and open-minded when meeting new
We tend to describe and assess the personalities of the people around us on an everyday basis. While our informal assessments of personality tend to focus more on individuals, personality psychologists instead use ideas of personality that can apply to everyone. Personality research has led to the development of a number of theories such as: Erikson with ‘Ego Psychology’, developing the eight stages of ‘Ego strength’, Freud with ‘Psychoanalytical ideology’, developing ‘defense mechanisms’, and Horney with ‘Neurosis’ developing ‘The Etiology of Neuroses in the family.’ These theories like many other help explain how and why certain personality traits develop.