Commonly known as “bute” or simply PBZ, Phenylbutazone is one of medicine’s oldest known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), second only to aspirin (Soma). Phenylbutazone was originally marketed for human use to relieve gout, gouty arthritis, rheumatism and various other rheumatoid disorders, and early studies published in the 1950’s confirmed its efficacy in human applications ("Phenylbutazone.”). However, after it was discovered that phenylbutazone causes bone-marrow depression, blood disorders, and cancer, it was discontinued for human use in the United States but remains one of the most commonly prescribed NSAIDs in equine veterinary medicine today (Papich, Soma). Additionally, PBZ is labeled as an analgesic/anti-inflammatory antipyretic indicated for dogs, cattle, and swine with documented extra-label use in rabbits, elephants, and other animals for musculoskeletal pain/inflammation, arthritis, and soft tissue injury (Plumb, Mikota, Papich).
Phenylbutazone is also recognized as butadiene, fenilbutazona, bute, phenylbutzaonum, or phyenylbute, and is available from a number of manufacturers in tablet (1 g, 100 mg, 200 mg), paste (6 g or 12 g), powder (1g in 10 g of powder to be mixed into feed), and solution (200 mg/mL in 100 mL vials) forms (Plumb, Papich). Oral administration is the most common route of administration, though intravenous route is also used; PBZ should never be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously because the substance is extremely irritating to the tissues and can cause swelling, sloughing and necrosis (Plumb). When taken orally, phenylbutazone is absorbed through the stomach and small intestines; it is plasma-binding in equines by as much as 99%, meaning that it crosses into the...
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.... Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders, 2011. 605-07. Print.
"Phenylbutazone." Official FDA Information, Side Effects and Uses. Drugs.com, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.
"Phenylbutazone in Horses - Veterinarians." Product Safety Information. FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, 14 Oct. 2009. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Plumb, Donald C., Pharm.D. "Phenylbutazone." Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 811-13. Print.
Raeeszadeh, Mahdeih, Hamidreza Fattahian, Hamid Rajaian, and Shahabeddin Safi. "Interaction Between Phenylbutazone and Thiopental Sodium in Female Stray Dogs: The Effect on the Recovery from Anesthesia." Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 19.5 (2013): 780-82. Print.
Soma, L.R., C.E. Uboh, and G.M. Maylin. "The Use of Phenylbutazone in the Horse." The Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 35 (2011): 1-12. Print.
SUMMARIZE: The article focuses on studies related to anesthesia which were conducted on dogs by researchers. Topics discussed include Arthur Guedel anesthetizing a dog using tracheal tube and cocaine crystals numbing cornea. It also goes on to talk about the numbing of Nazi dogs by Jews using cocaine. Also the use of curare by a surgeon named Mario Jascalevich which resulted in a neuronal cell death. Numerous stories on chemicals tested on animals, preferably dogs and facts were presented. (78
The condition known as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) gains its name from the similarities it shares with a widely known disease in humans: Metabolic Syndrome or better known as Type II Diabetes. The condition was suggested in 2002 by Johnson of the University of Missouri Veterinary Medicine College. He proposed insulin resistance, obesity of the neck, tail head and sheath/mammary gland area, and an increased predisposition to laminitis were symptoms of a clinical syndrome in horses and ponies....
...tigation of selected biochemical indicators of Equine Rhabdomyolysis in Arabian horses: pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Vet Res Commun. 2010;34(8):677–89. doi:10.1007/s11259-010-9439-5.
...ot prescribed for individuals with immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction (urticarial, angioedema, or anaphylaxis) to penicillins or ampicillin.i
An assessment of adequate energy intake can be established by evaluating body condition. Deficient diets result in weight loss in the horse. Alternate causes of weight loss are internal parasites and disease. Excess energy intake wall cause obisity which stresses joints and reduces athletic ability. (arg.gov.sk.ca) A horse in moderate physical condition is described as “Back level. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished but can be easily felt. Fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy. Withers appear rounded over spinous processes. Shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body.” (Henneke et al., 1981)
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
In the late 1800’s it was discovered that papa-amino-phenol, could reduce fever, but the drug was too toxic to use. A less toxic extract called phenacetin was later found to be just as effective but also had pain-relieving properties. In 1949, it was learned that phenacetin was metabolized into an active but also less toxic drug, acetaminophen. Since then, acetaminophen has been sold under many over the counter brand names, most popular being Tylenol.
Administration, U.S. Food and Drug. Animal and Veterinary. 02 Febuary 2014. Web. 17 Febuary 2014.
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For activists concerned about the safety of PZP, in the studies done by Fitzpatrick, it was found that PZP in wild horses had no permanent or negative effects on wild horses- the same studies were done on pregnant mares. PZP had proven more positive effects on the condition of the horses, for example, there was increased body condition in the horses, as well as increased longevity. Compared between foals from treated and untreated horses, the foals of treated horses were found to develop better body conditions than their untreated counterparts.
16. Dodman N, Miczek K, Knowles K, Thalhammer J, Shuster L. Phenobarbital-responsive episodic dyscontrol (rage) in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1580–1583.
...W.H Kwok, D.K.K Leung, T.S.M Wan, and A.S.Y Wong. "Metabolic Studies of Turinabol in Horses."Analytica Chimica Acta. 586 (2007): 208-216. Print.
Biomedical Research | Animal Use Research. N.p., n.d. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
Research, Vioxx Tragedy Spotlights Failure of Animal. Dü. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. tarih yok.
Multiple test are preformed on the animal test subjects to confirm their safety for people to use the product. For example, Dermal Penetration, Acute Toxicity, and Draize Eyes are different types of tests used on the animal test subjects. Each tests determines how the product will react to each body part it is placed on. The Draize Eye test is performed on the eyes of rabbits to evaluate the damage the chemicals can cause. In addition, each one of these test leave the animal test subject in exc...