Introduction Paralytic ileus also referred to as Intestinal volvulus can be termed as a gastro-intestinal obstruction which can either occur as a partial or a complete blockage of the gastrointestinal tract thus blocking the normal flow of the ingested material. Gastrointestinal tract is composed of involuntary smooth muscles which are under hormonal and neural body controls. As a consequence, the flow of materials in the gastrointestinal tract cannot be voluntarily controlled. According to statistical reports from the United States of America, a significant number of American citizens are affected by gastrointestinal obstruction at one time of their life. However, the cause of the obstruction itself varies from one case to another. According to professional health providers, the degree at which the obstruction is considered fatal is based on the case of obstruction itself. Paralytic ileus emanate from various causes which can be classified in two major groups namely, mechanical obstruction and malfunction in the gastrointestinal excretion process. basing on gastrointestinal malfunctioning, causes of paralytic ileus include surgical operation, reduced gastrointestinal electrolytes such as potassium, gastrointestinal infections, use of certain prescribed drugs and complications in the gastrointestinal blood flow to mention but a few. Mechanical obstruction occur due to growth of tumors in the gastrointestinal tract, gall stones, ingested non-digestible materials and adhesive tissues on the tract especially after surgical operation among others. Patients who are affected by gastro-intestinal obstruction exhibit a number of symptoms such as constipation, abdominal discomforts, gastrointestinal cramping, foul odor in the bre... ... middle of paper ... ...e material in the tract. Conversely, suppression of endocrine and other physiological functions in the body can result to paralytic ileus. Various strategies and techniques have been adopted as a way of reducing the occurrence of paralytic ileus. These techniques involve use of therapeutic techniques which encompass drug administration and enteral feeding adoption. Nevertheless, chewing gum has been proposed and recommended in the reduction of paralytic ileus for various reasons. Use of chewing gum accrues comparable results to other forms of medication. Works Cited Purkayastha et al (2008). Meta-analysis of Randomized Studies Evaluating Chewing Gum to Enhance Postoperative Recovery Following Colectomy, Arch Surg. 143(8):788-793. Johnson, M.D. (2009). Current therapies to shorten postoperative ileus, Cleveland clinic journal of medicine. 76(11): 641-648.
IBS is a functional GI disorder, meaning it cannot be explained by any specific structural or biochemical abnormality. The disorder is subdivided into three different types, which are named on the basis of the predominant symptom – IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), IBS-M (mixed diarrhea and constipation). Clinical presentation varies considerably with regard to the quality of the predominant feature and the overall severity of symptoms. Formal diagnosis is based on the most recent Rome III criteria, which require that a patient experience recurrent abdominal discomfort of at least 3 days per month over the previous 3 months, with a total symptom duration of at least 6 months, in...
Digestive: a sn Irritable Bowel Syndrome This disease affects the muscles in the intestines. It can cause gas, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. It usually does not lead to further diseases. Most people can control the symptoms through diet, stress management, and medication.
• You may have a tube put through your nose or mouth that goes into your stomach (nasogastric tube). The nasogastric tube removes digestive fluids and prevents you from throwing up or feeling nauseous.
Digestive activities within the GI tract are triggered by mechanical and chemical stimuli (mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors that respond to stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH, as well as the presence of substrate and end products of digestion). External stimuli (sight, smell, taste, thought of food). Controls of the digestive activity are both extrinsic (CNS centers and autonomic nerves) and intrinsic (nerve plexuses and local hormone producing
Ulcerative colitis progresses from the rectum and moves proximally. Distal disease refers to inflammation that is limited to the rectum (proctitis) or rectum and sigmoid colon. Here it is referred to as proctosigmioditis. If the disease is more extensive it includes the left side of the colon and can cover the splenic flexure. This occurs in 40% of patients. Extensive colitis occurs up to the hepatic flexure. Pan colitis affects the whole of the colon and this can affect up to 20% of patients. Some patients with pan colitis have involvement of the terminal ileum, this is caused by an incompetent ileocaecal valve.
It's not known exactly what are the causes of the IBS but a different of factors play a major role in the development of the IBS. The walls of both small and large intestines are lined with layers of muscle that relax and contract in an arranged rhythm as the food move from the stomach through the intestinal tract to the rectum. In the case of the IBS, the contractions may be stronger and last longer than normal. On the contrary, with weak intestinal contractions slowing food passage and leading to hard, and dry
Owen, R. R., Physick-Sheard, P. W., Hilbert, B. J., Horney, F. D., and D. G. Butler. 1975. Jejuno- or ileocecal anastomosis performed in seven horses exhibiting colic. Can Vet J. 16(6): 164–169.
When asked about his typical elimination pattern, the patient stated that he voids several times daily, and typically has one bowel movement per day. The patient denied any concerns nor expressed any problems regarding his usual pattern of bowel/bladder elimination. He also denied any symptoms such as pain, bleed, unusual appearance or pattern. Furthermore, he has previously experienced dysuria and hesitancy by record. No treatment regarding elimination is implied at this time. There were no labs drawn in respects to the patient’s fluid or electrolyte status.
Diverticular disease is a common intestinal disease (Tufts University) which Americans have a high risk of getting due to the low amount fiber in their diets. Without enough fiber in one’s diet, there can be difficulty in releasing excrement from the body. Not only does low consumption of fiber lead to di...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the intestines that leads to crampy pain, gassiness, Bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Some people with IBS have constipation. Others have diarrhea or frequent loose stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels and some people experience both. Sometimes the person with IBS has a crampy urge to move the bowels but cannot do so.
Seeing a doctor is recommended if there is a persistent change in the bowel behaviors because it can turn into a serious disease that needs to be addressed before deadly conditions take effect. The Mayo Clinic says, “One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When your immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an abnormal immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract” (Staff, 2014). This means an immune system, which protects the body from foreign substances, that is not properly working will cause problems in the digestive system. The digestive system is where ingested food turns into nutrients and waste. This happens because it does not have the strength to fight off bacteria and virus’. Heredity can be part of the cause because it is more common in those who have family members experiencing the
A two centimeter piece of rat ileum was cut and placed in a Krebs-Henseleit physiological saline in a petri dish and was kept oxygenated. A needle was threaded with cotton at one end of the ileum and three knots were done to form a small loop. A needle was threaded on the other end of the ileum, a knot was done and two equal lengths of cotton were left. The first loop formed was hooked at the bottom of the tissue holder and lowered into the organ bath. The two equal lengths of cotton were then tied to the hook at the bottom of the isometric transducer and the tension was adjusted to 0.5g. The tissue was rinsed several times and let to equilibrate for 15 minutes. The program LabChart 7 was used to record the trace. A carbachol solution (1x10-2 M) was diluted to concentrations of 5x10-3, 5x10-4, 5x10-5 and 5x10-6. An atropine solution (1x10-3 M) was diluted to concentrations of 5x10-4, 5x10-5, 5x10-6 and 5x10-7. In order to construct an agonist concentration response curve, carbachol concentrations were added to the gut bath in a cumulatively dosing regime (Table 1). After a single concentration was added and a response has elicited, the second dosage was only added once the response reaches a plateau. Once the maximum contraction of the tissue was observed, the tissue was rinsed and allowed to recover. These results obtained (the response in grams) were used to calculate the maximum response
Inflammatory bowel disease is a life long disease, and it particularly targets the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), which consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine (appendix, cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), and rectum), and anus. The gastrointestinal tract is very important to the human body; some of its functions include mechanical and chemical digestion of food, the movement of food and waste from mouth to anus, secretion of enzymes and mucus, and the absorption of nutrients. These are some reason why it’s so destructive when this part of the body becomes impaired or even damaged.
4. Enterostomy: Includes gastrostomy or jejunostomy- here feeding tube is inserted directly into stomach or jejunum either endoscopically or surgically and brought out through the peritoneal cavity. Complications include displacement or infection. It is often preferred in patients requiring nutritional support for more than a month.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.