Introduction
The urinary tract makes and stores urine, which is one of the waste products of the body. Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down the ureters to the bladder. The urethra in a male is about 8 inches (20cm) long and opens at the end of the penis. The urethra provides an exit for urine as well as semen during ejaculation (Urology Health, 2014). Normal urine is sterile and contains no bacteria. However, bacteria may get into the urine from the urethra and travel into the bladder, causing an infection. A bladder infection is known as cystitis and a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis (Elsevier, 2010).
The focus of this paper is to present Mr. Lane’s case study of Urinary tract infection; mention pertinent labs, diagnostic tests that were done to obtain the diagnosis and the outcome. There are various factors that cause Urinary tract infection. The factors that lead to the development of the infection will be discussed. This paper will describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the treatment options that were considered to manage the infection.
Epidemiology/ Demographics
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are responsible for more than 8.1 million visits to physicians' offices per year and about five percent of all visits to primary care physicians. Approximately 40 percent of women and 12 percent of men will experience at least one symptomatic urinary tract infection during their lifetime (Sanchez, Gupta, & Hitler, 2012).
Urology Health (2014) reveals that among persons over age 65, bacteriuria affects men and women roughly equally (approximately 40%), with the majority of infections being asymptomatic. Routine screening and treatment has not been found to decrease morbidity or mortality in this...
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... Journal of Adult Nephrology 15(11), 862-868.
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Sanchez, G.G., Gupta, K., & Hiller S. (2012). Managing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract infection: A Multidisciplinary approach for uncomplicated cases. Infectious disease of America. 70(1), 3-10.
Urology Health (2014). Urinary Tract infection. Retrieved Tuesday, April 29, 2014 from
http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=47
Williams, L. (2013). Urinalysis: New Technologies, New potential. Retrieved April 29, 2014 from http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/urinalysis-newtechnologies-new- potential.php
The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
It is recommended that you seek medical attention as soon as you experience urinary tract infection symptoms. Treatment at urgent care will cost roughly $110, as opposed to $665 for a visit to the ER.
Kidneys play an important role in the unary tract. They are located on each side of the spine, just below the ribcage. Each kidney is connected to the bladder by ureters. The kidneys have many functions, but the most common functions are to clean waste, control chemicals, and regulate fluid in the body which makes up the urine. Urine collects in the kidney before entering the ureters and as time passes more materials are added. When calcium and oxalate or phosphates are combined in the kidney tiny stones are formed called nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones. These stones can be very painful and “increases risks for diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis” (Goldfarb, 2009). About ten percent of all people will have kidney stones in their lifetime. Kidney stones are most frequently found in white men over the age of forty, relatives of kidney stone patients, and people who have formerly had kidney stones.
(Relevancy Statement Being a college student you are most likely sexually active and between the ages of 15 and 24. This demographic group makes up three quarters of new infections.
The topic that I chose is interventions used to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections(CAUTI). This type of infection is acquired from the use of urinary catheter while in the hospital. According to the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, urinary tract infections are responsible for 40 percent of all hospital-acquired infections annually, with 80% of these hospital acquired infection caused by use of indwelling urinary catheters. When any type of tubes or catheters are introduced in the body it serves as a medium for infection. Urinary catheters are used during surgery to prevent injury to the bladder. It is also used for urinary retention or bladder obstruction. The implementation of evidenced based practice when providing care
Catheter Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) has become to be classified as one among the leading infections which most individuals end up being susceptible to acquire while at the hospital. Healthcare-associated or acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of illness, death, and more often than not, have resulted to cost the tax payers potentially high medical expenses in most health care settings. ("Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality," para. 1) Due to this, 1 out of every 20 patients will end up with CAUTI within the US hospitals and this has caused Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) to embark on nationwide plans to help in the eradication and control of CAUTI incidences. ("Agency
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
The WHO (2014) states that globally out of every 100 patients who are hospitalised, seven patients in developed countries and 10 patients in developing countries will acquire at least one HAI. More than four million patients acquire infections every year while receiving healthcare in Europe and more than 37,000 patients die as a result of a HAI (Health Protection Agency, 2012). When compared with other European countries, Ireland’s HAI rate is at the lower end of the scale (Nicol et al., 2009). Many victims of HAIs are elderly, with chronic conditions that weaken their immune systems (Pittet, 2011). Cotter et al. (2012) assessed the prevalence of HAIs and antimicrobial use as 3.7% in Irish long-term care facilities; the most frequently occurring was the urinary tract infection, representing 40% of HAIs. The occurrence of HAIs continues to escalate at an alarming rate.
Nursing diagnosis Hospital acquired infections are spread by numerous routes including contact, intravenous routes, air, water, oral routes, and through surgery. The most common types of infections in hospitals include urinary tract infections (32%), surgical site infections (22%), pneumonia (15%), and bloodstream infections (14%). a. (book). The most common microorganisms associated with the types of infections are Esherichila coli, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus auerus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Urinary tract infections occur when one or more microorganisms enter the urinary system and affect the bladder and/or the kidneys.
Urinary tract infections can be caused by urine that has become contaminated by the normal flora of the urethra. To be absolutely sure that the infection is indeed a UTI, the numbers of organisms present or the species isolated must be present.
can block the urinary tract. This blockage will probably cause a lot of pain. If
Genitourinary system: He doesn’t have pain during urinating and no increase of passing urine and he doesn’t need to get up in the middle of the night to pass urine. There is no blood in the urine.
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
...s and measurement to decrease healthcare- associated infections. American Journal Of Infection Control, pp. S19-S25. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.008.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as an infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder caused by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra (95% of cases) or that spread to the kidney from the bloodstream (5%). About 7 million American patients visit health care providers each year because of Urinary tract infections. These infections commonly occur in otherwise healthy women, men with prostatic hypertrophy or bladder outlet obstruction, children with congenital anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract, and patients with indwelling bladder catheters. (Taber’s Version 20 pg.2273) Urinary tract infections account for up to one-third of all nursing home – associated infections, making them the most common. Nursing interventions such as proper catheter care,