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Literature review of underwater wireless communication
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UNDERWATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
The communication between any two entities can be either wired or wireless. The concept of wireless technology was started in the year 1923. As we all know that 70% of the earth is full covered with water. It was necessary to develop wireless network that can also work under water. Here arises the concept of acoustic waves. Acoustic wave’s works better in water .Also it can travel long distance inside water and are very fast than radio waves. The concept of underwater wireless communication is a major finding in the field of wireless communications. Applications include discovery of natural resources, marine phenomena, deep-sea archaeology, oceanographic data collection etc
WORKING
For the working of underwater wireless communication, the acoustic waves are used commonly, which can travel longer distance. But while designing of the acoustic channel, we may face problems such as low speed of sound propagation loss that is, frequency-dependent, severe multipath. These facts makes designing of underwater wireless communication difficult.
There are several ways of employing such communication of sending and receiving message below water. The most common is using hydrophones. As mentioned, under water communication is difficult due to factors like multi-path propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. There is low data rates in underwater communication compared to terrestrial communication, since underwater communication uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves.
The important non-scalar components of the acoustic fiel...
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...], dynamic source routing [DSR]) are more appropriate for dynamic environments but incur a higher latency and still require source-initiated flooding of control packets to establish paths. Reactive protocols may be unsuitable for underwater networks because they also cause a high latency in the establishment of paths, which is amplified underwater by the slow propagation of acoustic signals.
Geographical routing protocols (e.g., greedyface- greedy [GFG], partial-topology knowledge forwarding [PTKF]) are very promising for their scalability feature and limited signaling requirements. However, global positioning system (GPS) radio receivers do not work properly in the underwater environment. Still, underwatersensing devices must estimate their current position, irrespective of the chosen routing approach, to associate the sampled data with their 3D position
wireless communication got a lot of attention when a message was transmitted that allowed for
Wireless is a methodical account of the early development of wireless telegraphy and the inventors who made it possible. Sungook Hong examines several early significant inventions, including Hertzian waves and optics, the galvanometer, transatlantic signaling, Marconi's secret-box, Fleming's air-blast key and double transformation system, Lodge's syntonic transmitter and receiver, the Edison effect, the thermionic valve, and the audion and continuous wave. Wireless fills the gap created by Hugh Aitken, who described at length the early development of wireless communication, but who did not attempt "to probe the substance and context of scientific and engineering practice in the early years of wireless" (p. x). Sungook Hong seeks to fill this gap by offering an exhaustive analysis of the theoretical and experimental engineering and scientific practices of the early days of wireless; by examining the borderland between science and technology; depicting the transformation of scientific effects into technological artifacts; and showing how the race for scientific and engineering accomplishment fuels the politic of the corporate institution. While the author succeeds in fulfilling these goals, the thesis, it seems, is to affirm Guglielmo Marconi's place in history as the father of wireless telegraphy.
Since World War I and World War II the military technology with regards to communication has increasingly improved. Years ago, if a message was conveyed it was likely to be delivered on foot or horseback. Communications using modern equipment began once the US Army Signal Corps was established. World War I took place before the modern radio. When dispatch riders were not being used to deliver messages, morse code with the use of the telegraph was the more advanced form of communication during that time. The main problem with
Archaeology is a continuously evolving field where there is a constant stream of new branches and excavation methods. Due to the influx of new technologies and innovations in recent decades, archaeologists have been able to excavate previously inaccessible areas. For example, new diving equipment and tools such as proton magnetometers, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, and miniature submarines have allowed archaeologists to dive into the deep depths of the ocean. As a result, the branch of underwater archaeology was created to search for shipwrecks and other artifacts on the ocean floor. Underwater archaeology’s role has increased in recent years as it allows archaeologists to more accurately interpret the past by supplementing information gained through traditional land excavations.
One communication system that the Allies used more effectively than the Axis was the SONAR system. Sonar was an acronym that originally stood for Sound Navigation and Ranging. Sonar works by using sound propagation, most often underwater, to navigate and communicate with or detect objects around them (Overy). This was crucial to the war effort due to the fact that the Allies were able to detect and alert people where a boat was and which direction it was heading in. This was vital because thanks to SONAR the Axis were able to sense threats and notify There were two different types of sonar systems that were used during World War II: active sonar and passive sonar. Active SONAR systems used an acoustic projector to generate a sound wave into the water, which was reflected back by a target. The reflected waves were detected by a SONAR receiver, which analyzed the signal to determine the range, bearing, and relative motion of the target. " (Hackmann). Different than active SONAR, passive SONAR only had receivi...
6) Michele Zorzi, “Wireless Sensor and networks: Recent trends and Research Issues’’, University of Padova, Italy, IEEE communication society, Poland, April 28-30, 2008.
Analog communication employs continuous transmission of an electromagnetic wave form that varies in frequency and amplitude.
Print. The. Gordon A. Gow, and Richard K. Smith. Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006. Print.
The world has gone through a lot of changed as time passes by. With advancements in the technological field people are can communicate with ones from around the world without having to even lift a finger. To make things more efficient and more cost saving industries have made technology wireless. Wireless technology gives people the chance to get up from their stationary computer, or cord phone and able to freely move without restrictions. The IT, or Information Technology has become a standard and very critical part of today’s society. Wireless technology came from the basic just cellular usage to sensors in the medical field. Wires are now a thing of the past in today’s world with forever revitalizing technology.
Communication is used to interact with other individuals. There are a variety of ways of how people can communicate with one another. I would say in this day in age, the two most popular forms of communication would be face to face and virtual interaction. Face to Face interaction is when we are in real life and communicating. Virtual interaction is through a computer-generated source helping people communicate virtually.
Objects in water vibrate and cause sound-pressure waves that compress and decompress water molecules as the waves travels through the water. Sound waves will radiate at equal energy in all directions from source, in the form of compression waves.
...ransportation and navigation challenge: Experts had made judgment related to sea behavior, weather condition. However navigation and transporting 19 precast segments at different open sea location in 24 hrs was a challenge.
There are many types of communication. The first one I would like to communicate is vertical communication. The definition of vertical communication is the flow of information both downward and upward through the organizational chain of command. Some also refer to it as formal communication. Downward communication kind of speaks for itself; top-level management produces decisions that are communicated down to tell employees how to perform their job.
An acoustic wave can simply be described as a longitudinal wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave that vibrates and moves in the direction of its propagation. This means the medium is either in the same or opposite direction of the way the wave travels. Acoustic waves are a form of Mechanical longitudinal waves; these waves are otherwise known as compression waves or compressional waves. Compressional waves obviously produce compression, decompression, and rarefaction to travel.