1. Grid-Tie Inverters : A grid-tie inverter (GTI) is used to complement the generated solar power with grid power. In addition to regulating the voltage and current received from the solar panels, a GTI ensures that the power supplied to the distribution panel of the load will be in phase with the grid power. On the DC side, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) optimizes the power output by varying the closed loop system voltage. On the AC side, these inverters ensure that the sinusoidal output is synchronized to the grid frequency. In addition, the voltage of the inverter output needs to be variable and slightly higher the grid voltage to enable current to supply the loads or even have excess power flow out to the utility. 2. PV INVERTERS: 1- Centralized Inverters Initially, the interface between Photovoltaic power supply and the grid rely on the centralized inverter technology, as shown on Fig. 1. Inverters are connected in into series, called strings, generating a sufficient high voltage to avoid amplification. All strings are then connected in parallel to support high power to output. Only one inverter is utilized to interface the grid. This technology suffers from disadvantageous issues, including high voltage DC cable from a big number of strings to the inverter and losses in string diodes. This structure is also limited from Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking and controlling mismatch between strings so individual PVs, resulting in low efficiency and reliability. The nonflexible design makes it less appealing in mass production. With all these issues, this technology is not used in new solar systems installation. Fig-1- Centralized Invert... ... middle of paper ... ...wer-line communication to alert a base station with faults and transfer operation data. This data is then transferred to the web such that the performance of the PV installation can be monitored in detail. The inverter uses a single-stage two-phase isolated fly-back as shown in Fig. 5. Five large electrolytic capacitors are connected across the PV array to filter the ripple current from the converter and ensure efficient power tracking. Using a two-phase topology also helps in reducing current ripple. Finally, an SCR bridge connecting the AC side allows the appropriate switching of phases as the line voltage inverts twice a period. Fig. 5. Enphase micro-inverter fly-back topology The converter achieves an efficiency of approximately 95% and a maximum power-point tracking accuracy of 98%. Due to the complexity of the system, and use of an FPGA for control purposes.
wireless communication got a lot of attention when a message was transmitted that allowed for
Solar power in Canada is gaining attention to many people. You will be informed about what solar energy is and how it works, the environmental impacts of solar energy, why you should care about it and what you and others can do to help promote it. You will have a better understanding of solar energy and why you should take the switch.
Also, it requires a fast and secure communication to monitor real-time connection status to act as Energy Manager. [SANCHEZ]
Solar Photovoltaic power is one of the rapid growing energy sources in the world. The need for energy security and stability is driving governments across the world to promote and develop renewable power sources. The global solar Photovoltaic market witnessed high growth in 2009 and 2010, with 24,600 MW of installed capacity coming online in these two years compared to the 8,912 MW installed in 2007 and 2008. Cumulative installed capacity increased from 16,127 MW in 2008 to 40,727 MW in 2010. Europe is the leading solar PV market, with a share of 76% of the total cumulative installed capacity, followed by the Asia-Pacific region, accounting for a share of 16.0% in 2010.
Palmieri, Nancy. “Off the Grid or on, Solar and Wind Power Gain.” USA Today 12 April 2006. Print.
Turchi, Craig. 2010. Solar Power and the Electric Grid. edited by National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
At our new house, we have two stand alone pedestals with six 170W panels on each pedestal, making for 2040W or 2kW solar system. According to Mr. Solar.com, “this type of energy production, known as the Photovoltaic Effect, is achieved by solar panels converting sunlight into energy. Solar panels are made up of several individual solar cells, composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the negative charge), and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels absorb the sunlight’s photons and by doing so initiate an electric current, producing electrons. The resulting energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released into an electric field generated by the solar cells, which then pull these free electrons into a DC or directional current.” This electricity then proceeds to a mechanical room beneath our house to a charge controller, which regulates the amount of energy sent to our 24V batteries to be stored. From these batteries, the electricity goes to an inverter, which then changes the DC to AC or alternating current in order to use our modern electrical appliances and gadgets.
High performance MPPT includes pulse width modulation (PWM) used in large scale PV module, whereas low performance MPPT includes pulse frequency modulation (PFM) used in small scale PV module. PFM is used instead of PWM to attain better efficiency at low power levels. PWM continuously activate the switches of the converter at a fixed frequency whereas PFM adjusts the switching activity of the available power. Higher ripple current can be produced for the frequency modulation which reduces the efficiency. To reduce this problem current limiter is used for higher switching frequency.
The proposed inverter configuration consists of boost converter, Dc bus, three phase inverter, 12 terminal transformer, LC filter and three phase load. The figure 1shows PV inverter topology and one set of five inverter depicted in figure 2.
India is blessed with ample solar energy available which in turn can produce 5000 trillion KWS power by having average 300 sunny days per year and solar insolation of 4-7 kWh per Sq. m per day. Thus efficient trapping of solar energy could provide an alternative to fossil fuel dependent energy production. With increase in demand for power, now private sector has also started to invest in solar power due to better technological maturity and cost competitiveness. Technology for transforming solar radiation energy into both heat and electricity can harness solar energy effectively and have huge potential in scaling up power production. As there is positive correlation between energy requirement and GDP of the country, solar energy can address energy deficit in demand by both Off-Grid power supply ...
I am certain that all have heard of the terms green house gases, fossil fuels, and global warming. Have you ever questioned what will happen if nothing is done about the environmental problems facing the world today? What if I answer you that, we can merely use the power from the sun to power up our entire planet without the use of harmful energy sources, which affect our atmosphere? The power from the sun is what we call solar power. Solar power is the energy that comes from the sun as light and heat energy, and then it is later converted into electrical energy through solar panels (Nelson, 2008). This kind of power is completely free, right? Why should we put a lot of expense on other sources of energy, when there is a complete free and healthy power? It is evident that solar energy is a healthy source of energy, which will help stop global warming all together, but it is economically efficient to switch everything to solar energy. Solar energy is capable of becoming the world's future power supply because, it is renewable, eco-friendly, and extremely efficient when strategically placed.
Solar Panels made from photovoltaic cells (or PV for short). Simply broken-down photo means light and voltaic related to the production of electricity. Photovoltaic technology enables the creation of electricity using light. PV cells have at least two layers of semiconductors: one that's positively charged, and one that's negatively charged. When the light shines on the semiconductor the electric field across the junction between these two layers causes electricity to flow. The greater the intensity of light the stronger the electricity flow will be. The light that hits the panels is converted into clean electricity. This is a silent operation here because there are no moving parts. The electricity generated by the panels comes in the form of a direct current. By installing an inverter, it is converted into alternation current, so it's in
Wind is a form of solar energy. The term wind energy describes the process by which the wind is used to generate electricity or mechanical power. Wind turbines convert mechanical energy from the wind into electrical power. Wind turbines usually have three main parts. There are blades that connect to a central hub, a box behind the blades that contains the generator, and a long stem that connects to the ground. The way how it works is that the wind turns the blades, which spins a shaft that connects to a generator making electricity. After the electricity is produced it is sent through transmission lines to a substation that is sent to business and homes. For the sake of our planet, we must promote a renewable energy economy. Wind power can be a foundation of that sustainable energy future because it provides jobs in states that are building wind turbines, is a renewable energy source, and does not damage our environment. The environment will not be damaged by the pollution, the natural resources will not be used up, and there won’t be generating of hazardous wastes. Welcoming wind energy today will lay the foundation for a healthy tomorrow that will affect everyone in the United States. There are obstacles and challenges that will make it more difficult, but the environmental impact is well worth it to invest more money into wind energy.
Making a telephone call no longer should conjure up visions of operators connecting cables by hand or even of electrical signals causing relays to click into place and effect connections during dialing. The telephone system now is just a multilevel computer network with software switches in the network nodes to route calls get through much more quickly and reliably than they did in the past. A disadvantage is the potential for dramatic and widespread failures; for as has happened.
With the depletion of fossil fuel resources comes speculations and debates about alternative energy sources. The world, including the Philippines, is practically dependent on a dwindling non-renewable source of energy. Today, experts are debating about and considering three options: Nuclear, Solar, or Wind Energy. Everyone has been accustomed to the bad image of nuclear energy as a result of the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents above all others. The popular belief is that radiation from a nuclear meltdown is very harmful to humans and other living things—which is true—and that nuclear power plants are very dangerous and not ideal—which is not. According to Smith, et. al (n.d), all the nuclear disasters that ever occurred were caused by human error and natural disasters like tsunamis, not one because of system failure. Putting the false beliefs aside, with proper engineering and adequate maintenance by experts, a nuclear power plant is a very ideal and viable source of energy for the following reasons: