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Tuberculosis research paper introduction
An essay on tuberculosis
Treatment for tuberculosis across the world
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Disease/Condition and its Effect on the Body System
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria primarily attack the lungs but the infection can spread to other body parts such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. Symptoms of tuberculosis are cough (possibly with blood and mucus), fatigue, and shortness of breath, fever, and pain in the chest. If the infection is not treated the bacteria can destroy the tissue of the infected organ and it may leave permanent disabling scar tissues. Tuberculosis bacteria are carried in the air and enter the body through the airway and spread by coughing. Even though the bacteria can be easily spread, catching the disease is pretty hard; to be infected one must be in close proximity with the infected person for a long period of time. It is more likely to be infected by family members or close friends than a stranger unless a person has a compromised immune system.
Statistics
One third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis, in 2012 an estimated 9 million people becomes sick around the world, and there are 1.3 million TB related deaths worldwide. Statistically countries with low economic backgrounds have a higher infection rate such as India and other East Asian countries. People who have emigrated from those countries to the United States develop the disease within 2-3 years of immigrating. In 2012 there are 9,945 cases that are reported in the United States (3.2 out of 100,000 people). More men ranging from 22 to 44 years of age develop the disease than women. Extra pulmonary TB is 10% to 30% more common among women and children. TB is the leading killer of people who are HIV positive, an estimated 1 out of 10 will be infec...
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...ills millions it is nice to know that there are plenty of organization that helps spread awareness and provide care for those who are affected. I learned that the medicine will only help the patient if the patient wants to help themselves and for those who seek help but are non compliant with the regimen will only make the bacteria worst and may possibly spread the bacteria that is immune to the medications. The resources for help and support for tuberculosis are easy to find, if the patient doesn’t know where to start they can ask their healthcare provider for information.
Works Cited
CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm
New Jersey Medical School. (n.d.). History of tb. Retrieved from http://globaltb.njms.rutgers.edu/tbhistory.htm
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/gender/en/
The outburst spread of diseases in a population causes people to panic and become hopeless. The main reason diseases spread is due to unsanitary living styles. Also when a disease first begins, it is really hard to find a cure right away. A very deadly, infectious disease known as Typhus spread during the Holocaust. Typhus is caused by rickettsia and is spread by lice and flees.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
An estimated one third of the world 's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2012 there were 9,975 cases of TB reported and of those cases 28% where Hispanic or Latino. This respiratory disease is the most common in the lungs (World Health Organization, 2014). The brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, uterus ovarian TB and Osteo- articular skeletal bone and joints are also parts of the body that are affected (Article base, 2008). Symptoms of TB are chills, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis, cough lasting more than 3 weeks, chest pains, and weight loss (Tuberculosis, 2014). Transmission of TB is through a sneeze, a cough, speaking, or singing in which the person has the
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Infectious Disease – The Never-ending Threat). It is acquired by inhalation and is spreadable. The City of Toronto in accordance with Toronto Public Health have in place different specialty teams in regards to Tuberculosis (TB) who work together to provide support for individuals with TB as well as their families and to help prevent the spread of TB in Toronto (City of Toronto). Specifically, Toronto Public Health has a designated homeless and corrections team who manage TB disease and infection within the homeless/under-housed and corrections populations. Within this program, they use many environmental guidelines to access and diminish in the
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
After diagnosing which form is in the body, treatment and therapy can begin. After the test, an infected person should inform the health-care provider with information about other people that might be infected. This will help control the spread of Tuberculosis (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Treatment for the infected person means continual drug therapy.
TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person's
According to the World Health Organization, 1.5 million people died from TB in 2013. (WHO, 2014). CDC report that “In the United States, 536 people died from tuberculosis in 2011” (CDC, 2013).
“The lymphatic system is a vital and integral part of the cardiovascular system”. The lymphatic system contains many structures which consist of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph cells, lymph nodes and other substances. (Hastie, 2012) The lymphatic system consists of a network of fine tubes or vessels which ramify throughout the body similar to blood vessels. Unlike the blood the fluid is moved by the muscles and limbs. The lymph vessels have fine walls, so water can pass easily through them. The main role of the lymphatic system is too drain off excess fluid from all parts of the body. This prevents the cells getting waterlogged. (Hayes, 2002). Other functions include returning the lymph back to the heart and immune surveillance within
The Circulatory System is a transportation and cooling system for the body. The Red Blood Cells act like billions of little mail men carrying all kinds of things that are needed by the cells, also RBC's carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells. All cells in the body require oxygen to remain alive. Also there is another kind of cells called white blood cells moving in the system. Why blood cells protect from bacteria and other things that are harmful. The Circulatory system contains vein arteries, veins are used to carry blood to the heart and arteries to carry the blood away. The blood inside veins is where most of the oxygen and nutrients are and is called deoxygenated and the color of the blood is dark red. However, blood in the arteries are also full of oxygen but is a bright red. The main components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Tuberculosis is an air-borne disease, hence, it can be passed from an infected person to a healthy individual through coughing, sneezing and other salivary secretions. Tuberculosis is caused by the transfer of Mycobacteriun Tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) also known as Tubercle Bacillus, a small particle of 1-5 microns in diameter, due to the small size, when an infected person sneezes or coughs, about 3,000 particles are expelled. M. Tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis is able to stay in the air for a long period of time (about 6hoursAnother way of acquiring Tuberculosis is by drinking unpasteurized milk, milk straight from cow, although this is not a common mode of transmission, it can be found in rural areas. Ingestion of contaminated cow milk transmits Mycobacterium Bovis, the animal form which is still potent enough to cause tuberculosis in humans. ). Tuberculosis transmission is affected by exposure, socioeconomic status of person, proximity, immune status of uninfected individual (%&&%&? CDC).
Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols containing the tubercle bacilli. The required inoculum size for infection is usually high, but easily occurs with exposure to a patient who is currently infected. The products of dried aerosols, droplet nuclei, are particularly infectious because they remain in the air for an extended time, and upon inhalation easily move to the alveoli. The severe damage related to infection is caused by the reaction of the host. The tuberculosis infection has two phases, primary and secondary.
The immune system is a fascinating structure it defends the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and parasites. There are two primary forms that make up the immune system they are, innate and adaptive systems. Both the innate and adaptive system plays a large role in the immune system. The innate is the primary system to defend against foreign materials and the adaptive is the secondary system that responds to specific issues.
Tuberculosis has plagued mankind for a long time. This disease, which was previously believed to be eradicated, has once again shown up and begun attacking the lives of many humans. Tuberculosis infects a third of the population and kills a fraction of them. Many approaches have been used including different varieties of infection control, bodily defenses, and treatments to try to protect humans from tuberculosis. The best way to prevent tuberculosis infections is to contain the source of tuberculosis. The most common source of tuberculosis infection is from infected humans. By diagnosing, containing, and treating people with latent tuberculosis before they get active, contagious tuberculosis, tuberculosis can be quickly contained. Once someone has been diagnosed with TB, they should be placed under isolation.
Researchers have also identified a list of other factors associated with TB transmission such as environmental, organism and host factors, but these unfortunately, are outside the scope of the present paper. 16