Children often act out in inappropriate ways, however these irritations do not connote “troublesome” behavior (Wright, Tibbetts, and Daigle, 2008). Troublesome behavior describes age-inappropriate behaviors that continue into future years and inhibit healthy growth of the child. For example, a temper tantrum might be normal behavior for a young child, however it would be deemed inappropriate when the child reaches school age. When unseemly behaviors multiply to a certain level the child is considered behaviorally disordered. The criteria for such a diagnosis includes patterned symptoms that show at least short-term stability, symptoms that are present when around other adults besides their parents, severe symptoms, and symptoms that harm the child’s ability to handle developmental problems.
These behaviors do not affect a large proportion of the population. One study showed about ten to fifteen percent of preschoolers demonstrates mild or moderate behavioral disorders (Campbell, 1995 as cited in Wright et al., 2008). Another study of three-year-olds found that severe behavior disorder afflicted 11 percent of the sample (Cornely and Bromet, 1986 as cited in Wright et al., 2008). Furthermore, in a study of parental reports of their 17-month-old children it was found that only 7.6 percent thought of their children as bullies and only 3.3 percent considered their children as cruel (Tremblay, 1999 as cited in Wright et al., 2008). In fact, only 1.5 to 3.4 percent of children are diagnosed with conduct disorder (Steiner and Dunne, 1997 as cited in Wright et al., 2008). However, other studies show that conduct disorder is found in five percent of ten-year-olds and ten percent of 12-year-olds (Wright et al., 2008).
Also, ...
... middle of paper ...
...criminality. It is associated with deviant behaviors and clinical disorders such as suicide, schizophrenia, and alcoholism. Moreover, most serotonin studies’ overall theme is that low levels of serotonin will prevent people from inhibiting their behavior. Furthermore, environmental conditions also affect serotonin levels. For example, serotonin levels fall during the winter and then rise again in spring.
Dopamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter connected to the reward and punishment networks of the brain (Wright et al., 2008). A person’s state of excitement is increased with dopamine activity, which has a positive effect on problem solving, directed thinking, and attention span. Over production of dopamine has been associated with aggression and violence (Fishbein, 2001; Babel, Stadler, Bjorn, and Shindledecker, 1995 as cited in Wright et al, 2008).
Oppositional defiant disorder as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) is a “recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures” (Rowe, Costello, Angold, Copeland, and Maughan, 2010, p. 726)” In the 5th edition it is defined as a pattern of angry/irritable behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, and is exhibited during interaction with at least one individual that is not a sibling. The American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry defines it as an ongoing pattern of uncooperativeness, being defiant, and using hostile behavior toward authority figures that seriously interferes with the child’s everyday function. These definitions all included some similarities. The defiant behavior exhibited by the child is usually directed towards a person in authority. They all also describe in as a pattern, something that is ongoing for a specific amount of time. All the other literature appears to be in agreement w...
There are many causes on why a child or teenager may misbehave. There could be issues at home, with family, other kids, peer pressure, and the list goes on. This can affect family, friends and their own lives in a negative way. “Understanding why children engage in bad behavior is critical to curbing it”, illustrates Harvey Karp, M.D, a pediatrician and author of the book and DVD “The Happiest Toddler On The Block”. In that case, there is a lot to be learned about the cause of misbehavior.
Tan, C.S. (2007). Test Review Behavior assessment system for children (2nd ed.). Assessment for Effective Intervention, 32, 121-124.
Neurotransmitters have been suggested as a significant cause of aggressive behavior. Hans Brunner, a geneticist at the University Hospital in Nijmegen, has found that the violent male members of the Dutch family mentioned earlier in this paper, lacked a gene that produces monoamine oxidase-a (MAOA) (4). MAOA is an enzyme that breaks down significant transmitters in the brain. If the MAOA does not break down these transmitters - specifically, serotonin - then buildup of serotonin will occur and could cause a person to act violently (3).
...lack of serotonin is a known chemical difference within the mind and body of serial killers.
My rationale for writing this paper is to know what oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is and its effect on age, gender, and concurring behaviors (comorbidity) like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). How these conditions are affected in getting the proper diagnosis and treatment for ODD. Loeber, Burke, and Pardini reported in clinical groups among children, ODD is listed as one of the most commonly known behavioral disorders (as cited in Kazdin, 1995). Stringaris and Goodman (2009) found ODD is apparently very important among adolescents because of its strong connection with a large assortment of fully developed mental health disorders such as (as cited by Kim-Cohen et all., 2003, Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi, & Kessler, 2007) conduct disorder (CD) and an introverted disorder (as cited by Burke, Loeber, Lahey, & Rathouz, 2005; Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003; Ford, Goodman, & Meltzer, 2003).
Kaiser, B., & Rasminsky, J. S. (2003). Challenging behavior in young children: Understanding, preventing, and responding effectively. Boston: Pearson.
When a parent yells at their children, most people will not think anything of it. In fact, majority would call this natural, a natural teaching of a child with behavior management problems. Throughout my research, I have learned the concept of how the tip of the iceberg of behavior issues is reflected as the beginning age of verbal abuse, and the beginning of borderline personality disorders. A sense of disruption to their emotions has enhanced the cycle to obtain borderline personality disorder, which has started an ongoing epidemic of other disorders. Also these disorders can cause children to feel a sense of disruption. This encourages a malfunction in the brain, which could eventually be their demise and the need to succeed is outcast by the feeling of failure. Verbal abuse has been around for some time now, during this new age it has peaked at its highest point with no slight chances of slowing down. Borderline personality disorder is indeed caused by the verbal abuse and children who have witnessed this are ticking time bombs waiting for something or someone to push the wrong ...
Serotonin, the neurotransmitter responsible for arousal, when released may impact your thinking and reasoning skills. Low levels of serotonin are linked with antisocial and impulsive behavior; serotonin also regulates sleep, arousal levels and emotion. The feelings you experience may handicap one’s normal everyday behavior. One study involving serotonin is a Japanese monk study (Kamatsu and Hirai {1999}). The researchers studied how sensory deprivat...
1. Your uncle consumes a quart of whiskey per day; he has trouble remembering the names of those around him.
2007 Neuropsycopharmacology. Nature and Nurture Predispose to Violent Behavior: Serotonergic Genes and Averse Childhood Environment
Reif , A., Rosler, M., Freitage, C., Schneider, M., Eujen, A., Kissling, C., Wenzler, D., & Jacob, C. (2007). Nature and nurture predispose to violent behavior: Serotonergic genes and adverse childhood environment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(11), 2375-2838.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric signals from one neuron to other neurons in the body. These neurotransmitters are responsible for the activation of behavioral patterns and tendencies in specific areas of the brain. When a neuron releases the neurotransmitter chemicals, healthy synapse are needed to pass the electric message across the gaps correctly. All of this is important in an individual’s criminal behavior because the transportation of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotine control a person’s emotions and therefore their behavior. “Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with pleasure and is also one of the neurotransmitters that is chiefly associated with aggression.” (Jones, C. M.). An individual usually experiences high levels of dopamine before and after an altercation and it can cause an individual not to recognize the lasting angry expression they have on their face. Also, “Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is key in information processing and most consistently linked to criminal behavior in its deficiency; low levels are linked to depression and other mental illnesses” (Schram, P. J., & Tibbetts). People with low levels of serotonin have trouble communicating in everyday life and this has a strong connection with criminality because people that
Emotional and behavioral disorders manifest from various sources. For some children, the core of these disorders is rooted in such factors as “family adversity...poverty, caregiving instability, maternal depression, family stress…marital discord…dysfunctional parenting patterns…abuse and neglect” (Fox, Dunlap & Cushing, 2002, p. 150). These factors are stressors that affect children both emotionally and behaviorally. Students have their educational performance and academic success impeded by such stressors once in school, which creates even more stress as they find themselves frustrated and failing. As a result, problem behaviors may manifest that can be described as disruptive, impulsive, pre-occupied, resistant to change, aggressive, intimidating, or dishonest. Such behaviors may also inflict self-harm.
...s, T., (2008). Aggression in young children with concurrent callous-unemotional traits: can the neurosciences inform progress and innovation in treatment approaches? Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B: Biological Science, 363(1503), 2567-2576