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The Protestant Catholic problem in Ireland
History of irish politics
Catholicism and Protestantism in Ireland
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The Troubles Era was largely seen as having taken place primarily within the 1960s, although it expanded for three decades. During this time frame, civil rights marches occurred frequently and more often than not ended in bloody conflicts. Politicians were faced with restoring the peace and establishing a stronger and more economic Ireland. Inter-parties became common in an attempt to establish unity. The Mother and Child Scheme as it was called began with Dr. Browne, the Minister of Health. Dr. Browne introduced a health act, similar to the failed Ryan Health Act of 1947, in which it would allow free healthcare for pregnant women and their children who are up to the age of sixteen (Jackson 307). This provided strong backlash from the Catholic Church who felt their pay was going to be at risk (Jackson 307). The idea of simply praying in order to heal one’s illness was commonly accepted before then. Members of the Church stated that this act if implemented would lead to birth control and abortion, both of which were considered a sin. After the failure of the Mother and Child proposal Dr. Browne left the first inter-party administration. Browne’s public departure combined with that of several other politicians (they left due to other reasons) marked the fall of the party (Jackson 306-307). The civil rights movement began in 1953 and was modeled closely after the American civil rights movement. Approximately, 44,000 civil servants took part in a demonstration in Dublin to protest. (http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/civilservice/CandAscheme.pdf ) The government had failed to enact the Civil Service Arbitration Board's award which would increase minimum wage and provide a better workplace environment (Éireann). Due t... ... middle of paper ... ...n Movement was created by Dr. Beere (Ireland). The WLM adopted the motto “Chains or Change.” This motto also became the tile for a publication published soon thereafter. “The author of Chains or Change noted: • a married woman was still regarded as the chattel of her husband • there was still a marriage bar for women in the Civil Service • Irish women workers earned only 55% of men's wages • 'chivalry' and 'respect' applied only to manners not to fact • contraception was illegal • many widows after a lifetime in the home ended their days in degrading poverty • attention was needed to the plight of unwed mothers, deserted wives, and those with broken marriages” (Ireland). In an attempt to get contraception legalized many women walked out on mass. In 1971 the WLM brought back contraceptives to Dublin, while the medications were still banned.
McLaren, Angus. Birth control and abortion in canada, 1870–1920. Canadian Historical Review Volume 59 (3): 319-40.
1817 to 1825—a period of time that oversaw the presidency of the 5th U.S. president, James Monroe, whose term in office later became known as the Era of Good Feelings. The end of the War of 1812 and the "Era of Good Feelings" are often viewed as a time of cultural, economic and political nationalism; however during the era, the tension between nationalism and sectionalism began to rise. Issues about the tariff and the bank were constantly being fought over, inevitably dividing society. Not only had that split society, but the conflicts of slavery began to greatly rise, which created the problem of sectionalism, which led to Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise in 1820. Many areas had differing views on slavery and voting, which only strengthened the belief that sectionalism was taking over the smidgeon of nationalism that lingered.
After the War of 1812, America was characterized as the Era of Good Feelings due to the national pride witnessed during Monroe’s presidency. However, even though it was distinguished as so, many aspects of America were diminishing, which signifies why it was not an “Era of Good Feeling.” First, the growing tension within the economy, due to the individual states currency circulating the nation, was a failure. This event was soon called the Panic of 1819 because the issue spun out of control and led the Americans to question whether the bank was a good system or not. Furthermore, during this time period, Chief Justice John Marshall’s court continued to strengthen the federal government and its primacy, which imbalanced the federal government and state power during the early years of the Republican Party. Not to mention, in the early 1800s, slavery was becoming an increasingly sectional issue, meaning that it was dividing the nation along regional lines intensively. Indeed historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 as the “Era of Good Feelings”, but the tension between nationalism and sectionalism increased additionally, which were inevitably conspicuous and began to impair the economy, intensify sectionalism by the means of slavery and expansion and added disunity within the government.
When considering the long term effectiveness of the Civil Rights Acts’, it was in the legal/political sectors that prevailed, although it is important to remember that in the short term the importance/success was defiantly greater in terms of symbolism and psyche than active reform. This is a very anachronistic viewpoint and of course a contemporaneous view would be very different but as a starting example to support such a view, with Blacks having received basic civil rights it was ...
Subsequently, the provided documents on the birth control movement did show the push and pull factors of the complicated and multifaceted debate. Americas push towards industrial growth, and technology demanded that the subsequent progressive reforms were needed for a society ushering in a new era. At the same time, fear and reluctance to abandon tradition and religious custom acted as the pulling factor. The birth control debate was a complicated and heavily charged debate teemed in religious, social, political, and racial rhetoric. Historical documents help shed new light on the things taken for granted today, even the most seemingly innocuous things like birth control were fought for, so that men and women today could be in charge of their own destinies.
When legally introduced to society in 1960, the Pill stirred up a long period of controversy. The availability of the Pill had great impact on women’s health, social life, laws, religion, family, relationships, morality and sexuality. Initially conceived to be highly effective and safe, the Pill left many women with side effects – few which led to several fatalities. Before the Pill was created, many women postponed sex due to the social norm and fear of becoming pregnant before marriage. Families grew large and it was typical for a woman to have multiple children caused by the lack of birth control. Due to regulations, such as the Comstock laws, many people supported the prohibition of the Pill and other family planning practices. However, many women believed in the right to control their own body when it came to procreation. Despite the controversies, the Pill left lasting impacts, such as by opening society to the sexual revolution and...
Lawson, Steven F., and Charles M. Payne. Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945-1968. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. 140. Print.
During the whole of the 21st century, the subject of birth control has become a trending topic throughout various news reports. The debate on whether or not birth control should be required and distributed by all health plans has caused much controversy throughout the population. However, there was a time in our history when contraceptives, much less birth control, was available for the public. It was through the perseverance and determination of Margaret Sanger to make birth control legal for all women that it is accessible worldwide today. She was the leader of the birth control movement, which was conceived during the Progressive era of United States history.
Success was a big part of the Civil Rights Movement. Starting with the year 1954, there were some major victories in favor of African Americans. In 1954, the landmark trial Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas ruled that segregation in public education was unfair. This unanimous Supreme Court decision overturned the prior Plessy vs. Ferguson case during which the “separate but equal” doctrine was created and abused. One year later, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. launched a bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama after Ms. Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat in the “colored section”. This boycott, which lasted more than a year, led to the desegregation of buses in 1956. Group efforts greatly contributed to the success of the movement. This is not only shown by the successful nature of the bus boycott, but it is shown through the success of Martin Luther King’s SCLC or Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The conference was notable for peacefully protesting, nonviolence, and civil disobedience. Thanks to the SCLC, sit-ins and boycotts became popular during this time, adding to the movement’s accomplishments. The effective nature of the sit-in was shown during 1960 when a group of four black college students sat down at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in hopes of being served. While they were not served the first time they commenced their sit-in, they were not forced to leave the establishment; their lack of response to the heckling...
As seen today, this movement was wildly successful with outcomes that have had a direct action on the country’s progress. The movement was so successful because of its differences from previous movements. The strategies, structures, and messages employed led to the creation of many movements after.
Karen Bridget Murray’s article, “Governing ‘Unwed Mothers’ in Toronto at the Turn of the Twentieth Century”, is a valuable reference into the struggles and triumphs of social welfare for unwed mothers. For me the article highlighted how government ideologies influence social welfare, how important the change from religious reformers practices to social work was and finally how appalling it is that the struggles and barriers these women faced are still relevant to single mothers today.
Advocates of criminalization also stressed society’s obligation to halt the declining birthrate among white Americans. And many stressed the need to protect the sanctity of motherhood and the chastity of white women; abortion, after all, supported the separation of sexual intercourse from reproduction. For many physicians and others, all of these concerns where generally more trenchant in the nineteenth century than the issue of fetal life. (Solinger: 5).
...of the Irish family. Once a mother was labeled as “bad”, families were often marginalized morally or economically, as was the case with the Brady family. In an era in which women had the options of becoming either a housewife or a nun, the inability to perform up to what society deems “good” could be extremely distressing. The pressure that was placed upon Irish women to conform to the standards of a “perfect housewife” led the already emotionally fragile Mrs. Brady to suicide. The realm of the family has traditionally been a woman's domain and when her domesticity is judged harshly and categorically as either “good” or “bad” it greatly influences the health of her and her family. The close association between ‘motherhood’ and Ireland itself further complicates matters because it helps to keep women repressed and only able to function in the realm of domesticity.
The troubles refer to the age-old disputes over the control of Northern Ireland. Even though the arguments lasted for several centuries, things did not turn extremely violent until the 1960’s (Delaney). Many terrorists entered Northern Ireland during that time. Terrorists who entered the country were said to be okay, and there was nothing wrong with them. Letting the terrorists slip by without stopping them had very deadly consequences. Thousands of people died because of the terrorists invading Northern Ireland. Very few tried to stop the terrorists from coming into Northern Ireland (Graham). Those who did attempt to stop the terrorists were unsuccessful (De Breadun).
As such means there have been many different methods of contraception that people have tried over time. Contraception knowledge has been something that has been passed down among families and women for generations. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first form of oral contraception. “At first, it was not legally available to unmarried minors” (Browne 603). This means that a large majority of women did not have legal access to oral contraceptive pills. This poses a problem in that if women were considered a minor and wanted oral contraceptives then they did not have access to it. However, overtime changes were made and eventually it was legalized to everyone. One of the most significant changes came with the decision by the Supreme Court in Griswold V. Connecticut in 1965 (Browne 604). The decision ruled that Connecticut no longer had the right to ban married women from gaining access to contraception. This gave individual women more power over their own bodies despite what their husbands wanted or would say. This does not mean that the husband did not still have influence over the wives decisions but it was a step in the right