Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections as cited by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey that can affect both pediatrics and adults [4,6]. Locally, this type of infection was ranked as fourth leading cause of Morbidity in Iloilo City [15]. Such infections can be acquired either as health care associated or in the community. The cause of such infection also includes the following but not limited to poor hygiene, sex, instrumentation, anatomic structure, etc. [6]and Out of the several causative agents, Escherichia coli and other coliforms played as major causative agents[7,10].
Urinary tract Infections are commonly treated with sulfamethoxazole - trimethoprim and fluoroquinolones[7,10,12]. However, due to the frequency of antibiotic use, recurrent or chronic UTI and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to the resistance of the common uropathogens specifically Enterobacteriaceae[13]. Other factors that lead to the acquisition resistance such as adaptation, transduction, conjugation, transformation, transposons, and efflux are also one of the reasons that render the commonly used antibiotic less effective. According to the WHO[14], antimicrobial resistance is of global concerns because of the following reasons: it hampers the control of infectious diseases, threatens a return to the pre-antibiotic era, increases costs of health care, jeopardizes health-care gains to society and threatens health security, damages trade and economy.
Although this study acknowledges the availability of data provided the DOH and other international agencies, such data is not always readily available especially within our local area. To address these issues, this study used the laboratory data base of a tertiary ...
... middle of paper ...
... Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2007, 6:4.
12. Ladhani, S. and Gransden, W. (2003). Increasing Antibiotic Resistance among Urinary Tract Isolates. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88:444-445.
13. Okeke, I. and Edelman, R, (2001). Dissemination of Antibiotic - Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 33:364-9.
14. Taur, Y. and Smith M. (2007). Adherence to the Infectious Disease Society of America Guidelines in the Tretment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection. Clinical Infectious Disease 2007; 44:769-74.
15. Villavert, V (2012). UTI, 4th Leading Cause of Morbidity in Iloilo. Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved from: www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=921348033564onon June 17, 2013
16. WHO Fact Sheet (2013). Antimicrobial Resistance. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs194/en/ on June 17, 2013.
2013). Inappropriate use of urinary catheter in patients as stated by the CDC includes patients with incontinence, obtaining urine for culture, or other diagnostic tests when the patient can voluntarily void, and prolonged use after surgery without proper indications. Strategies used focused on initiating restrictions on catheter placement. Development of protocols that restrict catheter placement can serve as a constant reminder for providers about the correct use of catheters and provide alternatives to indwelling catheter use (Meddings et al. 2013). Alternatives to indwelling catheter includes condom catheter, or intermittent straight catheterization. One of the protocols used in this study are urinary retention protocols. This protocol integrates the use of a portable bladder ultrasound to verify urinary retention prior to catheterization. In addition, it recommends using intermittent catheterization to solve temporary issues rather than using indwelling catheters. Indwelling catheters are usually in for a longer period. As a result of that, patients are more at risk of developing infections. Use of portable bladder ultrasound will help to prevent unnecessary use of indwelling catheters; therefore, preventing
Catheter Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) has become to be classified as one among the leading infections which most individuals end up being susceptible to acquire while at the hospital. Healthcare-associated or acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of illness, death, and more often than not, have resulted to cost the tax payers potentially high medical expenses in most health care settings. ("Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality," para. 1) Due to this, 1 out of every 20 patients will end up with CAUTI within the US hospitals and this has caused Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) to embark on nationwide plans to help in the eradication and control of CAUTI incidences. ("Agency
When one speaks of transmittable diseases one does not often think that cystitis is one of the most prevalent. Cystitis effects both genders, the young, the old and can lead to complications that can do irreparable damage to the urinary tract. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the disease of cystitis and relate the specific virulence factors of Escherichia coli to the prevalence and symptoms of cystitis. This will be accomplished by defining the disease, its etiology and the causative agent. The mode of transmission and risk factors will be discussed as well, the pathogenesis, signs and symptoms will be explained. Finally dietary and nutritional implication along with treatment and prognosis will conclude this paper.
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
As such techniques were not used in this study, I defined a recurrent urinary tract infection as the presence of 2 10,000 col/ml of a single bacteria and one or more urinary symptoms occurring at least two weeks after the initial infection. This may lead to some misclassification of outcome; however, as long as the classification is not associated with the exposure(s) of interest the resulting measures of association should be biased toward the null hypothesis of no difference. The associations between hypothesized risk factors and repeat UTI were studied using multilevel contingency tables, with both stratification and multivariate techniques to control for confounding.3 I calculated six-month cumulative incidences of UTI, risk ratios (RR), and Mantel-Haenszel summary RRs. Exact 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated around each RR using the method of Gart.4 A three-level symptoms scale, (0 = no hematuria or urgency, 1 = urgency alone, 2 = hematuria and urgency) was developed and used both as a dependent and
Direct legal issues that result in inadequate infection-control practices, medical costs of healthcare-associated infections and the amount of deaths that have occurred due to these preventable infections are the main targeted issues that will focus on this project. Reporting requirements of HAIs vary from state to state, provider, facility, frequency, and type of infection. Due to this, there is inconsistency in the methods of data collected, risk management, data validation, and the requirement or reporting HAIs. The legal requirements and statutes that mandate disclosure of errors need to be addressed in order to reduce and prevent HAIs. In addition, the discussion of legal duties and responsibilities of the care providers, facilities and patients are discussed.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals.
Nursing diagnosis Hospital acquired infections are spread by numerous routes including contact, intravenous routes, air, water, oral routes, and through surgery. The most common types of infections in hospitals include urinary tract infections (32%), surgical site infections (22%), pneumonia (15%), and bloodstream infections (14%). a. (book). The most common microorganisms associated with the types of infections are Esherichila coli, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus auerus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Urinary tract infections occur when one or more microorganisms enter the urinary system and affect the bladder and/or the kidneys.
This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1). Resistance first appears in a population of bacteria through conditions that favor its selection. When an antibiotic attacks a group of bacteria, cells that are highly susceptible to the medicine will die.
Journal of Public Health. Vol. 70, No. 4, Apr. 1980, pp. 348-351. EBSCOhost. 2017 October 25.
Bacteria can be found in healthy urine, so usually a doctor bases it off symptoms and the lab tests. For the people with reappearing UTIs, and for patients in the hospital, the urine may be seriously infected and civilized. The experiment is resolved by placing part of the urine in a test tube with a certain substance that makes the bacteria multiply, after this process is finished, they can be identified. Another test that can be taken is the sensitivity test, the test tests for sensitivity to different medicines and antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating the persons severe infection. If a person has recurrent UTIs, the doctor may order some extra exams to determine if the person’s urinary tract can get back to being
Exposure to antimicrobials fundamentally alters microbial ecosystems of humans, animals and the environment, which may lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.
The most effective way to combat pathogenic bacteria which invade the body is the use of antibiotics. Overexposure to antibiotics can easily lead to resistant strains of bacteria. Resistance is dangerous because bacteria can easily spread from person to person. Simple methods for preventing excessive bacterial spread are often overlooked. Not all preventative measures are even adequate. Doctors and patients often use antibiotics unnecessarily or incorrectly, leading to greater resistance. Antibiotics are used heavily in livestock and this excessive antibiotic use can create resistant bacteria and transfer them to humans. In order to reduce resistant bacteria,
Geoffrey Garnet and Edward C. Holmes. “The Ecology of Emerging Infectious Disease.” Bioscience. Vol. 46 Issue 2 (1996).