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Environmental transmission of pathogens
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Recommended: Environmental transmission of pathogens
Contents
1.1Introduction
1.2Methodology
2.0 What is a Pathogen?
2.1 Major Categories of pathogens/micro-organism
2.2 Bacteria
Fig 2.3 Bacterial Shapes
2.4 Viruses
Fig 2.5 Structure of a virus
2.6 Fungi
2.7 Parasites
3.0 Pathogenic Environment
4.0 What is disease?
4.1 How disease spreads
5.0 Conclusion
References
Pathogens and the spread of disease
1.1Introduction
“Health depends on the body maintaining its internal harmony.” (The U205 Course Team, 1985)
Health is a momentary condition of ones state of physical and mental well being. This is constantly compromised by the threat of disease. It is often hard to define exactly what disease is, however it is generally conceived as any undesirable bodily or mental condition which causes an organism to alter from its normal state of existence (Nesse, 2000).
1.2 Methodology
Our concern is to discuss and explore the abnormal functions and structures of pathology which underlie in illness and disease. To do so we have to ask a few questions. Firstly we need to discuss what disease is any why it occurs; we then need to consider the definition of pathogens and the major categories of micro-organisms and their microbial environment. Furthermore we shall analyze the pathogenesis of infection which deals with how disease spreads and what role pathogens play in the advance of it.
2.0 What is a pathogen ?
Diseases in all humans, plants and other organisms are caused by micro-organisms called pathogens; these can be micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminths and protozoa (Inglis,1996). The term pathogen is most commonly used to describe an infectious organism w...
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...2009]
Nesse,R,D, 2000 , On the difficulty of defining disease, sourced from : http://www.health.sa.gov.au/PEHS/Youve-got-what/ways-disease-spread-06.pdf, Accessed [ 9/11/09]
Peterson, R. K. D. 1995. Insects, disease, and military history: the Napoleonic campaigns and historical perception. American Entomologist 41:147-160
Quinn, C, http://www.fungi4schools.org/Documentation/03World-of-Fungi/WF05_Fungi_and_Disease.pdf charlotte , Accessed [06/11/2009]
The way infectious diseases spread, [Department of health] 2005, Sourced from; http://www.health.sa.gov.au/PEHS/Youve-got-what/ways-disease-spread-06.pdf, Accessed [7/11/2009]
Wastewater Microbiology Series Published Online: 28 Jan 2005 Author(s): Michael H. Gerardi, Mel C. Zimmerma Series Editor(s): Michael H. GerardiPrint ISBN: 9780471206927 Online ISBN: 9780471710431 Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bloodborne Pathogens are pathogenic microorganisms that can eventually cause disease. They are found in human blood and other bodily fluids such as synovial fluid, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid and any other fluid that mixes or has contact with blood. The bloodborne pathogens are pathogenic, which means they are disease causing, and they are also microorganisms, which means that they are very small so the human eye cannot see them.
McNeil suggests, there are still epidemics out there which have not developed human to human status yet. For example, AIDS is identified in 1981, which is after the publication of Plagues and Peoples. Because of AIDS relevancy to this book, McNeil writes a Preface in 1997 including his thoughts on the epidemic. Humans only thought that scientific medicine "had finally won decisive victory over disease germs" (9). With the discovery of the AIDS virus a social change occurred in American and similar societies.
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die.
Pathogens are organisms that are capable of causing diseases in other organisms and are considered to be ubiquitous. They can be found in water, on surfaces, and on or in humans, plants, and animals. Different pathogens have different signs and symptoms, treatment options, ways of transmission, diagnoses, and prognoses. Chickenpox, also known as varicella, and shingles are diseases caused by the same pathogen and have many of the same characteristics, but are also unique in their own ways.
Health is described as “the general condition of the body or mind, especially in terms of the presence or absence of illness or impairments.” Health can also be defined as “the overall condition of something in terms of soundness, vitality and proper functioning” (Oxford, 263). From the definitions of health given, one can either be in good health or in unhealthy.
Health is described as physical and mental well-being and freedom from disease, pain or defect. However, such descriptions only superficially define the actual meaning of health. There may be many occasions when individuals are not necessarily ill or in pain but may be overweight, stressed or emotionally unstable. Health is a quality of life involving dynamic interaction and interdependence among the individual’s physical state, their mental and emotional reactions, and the social context in which the individual exists. There are many factors that influence your health, but three major components contribute to general well-being: Self-awareness, a balanced diet and, regular physical activity.
In this essay I am going to investigate whether health is easily defined as the absence of disease or physical injury. According to Health psychology (2009) ‘World Health Organisation defined health as a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. In order to achieve good physical a nutrition diet is needed, healthy BMI, rest and adequate physical exercise is needed.
The notion of health is contextual and an interactive, dynamic process between person and environment (Schim et al, 2007). Both wellness and illness are conceptualized by the ‘person’, existing on a continuum across the lifespan (Arnold & Boggs, 2001).
What does it mean to be healthy? Health is a state of complete physical , mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease, illness or infirmity. It is important to distinguish between disease and health. Disease is the prognosis of a particular disorder with a specific cause and characteristic symptoms. On the other hand, illness is the existence of disease
Part one of this essay will deal with defining bacteria, viruses, fungi, microbes, and pirons. Part two of the essay will focus on indigenous micro flora that is on and in the body, and part three will describe the structure and replication procedure of viruses.
This also requires the person to be socially and economically productive in order to be seen as healthy. According to Mildred Blaxter (1990), there are different ways of defining health. Furthermore, disease can be seen as the presence of an abnormality in part of the body or where there is a harmful physical change in the body such as broken bones. So, illness is the physical state of disease, that is to say, the symptoms that a person feels because of the disease. However, there is some limitation of these definitions which is not merely an absence of disease but a state of physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing.
In the 1960s, doctors in the United States predicted that infectious diseases were in decline. US surgeon Dr. William H. Stewart told the nation that it had already seen most of the frontiers in the field of contagious disease. Epidemiology seemed destined to become a scientific backwater (Karlen 1995, 3). Although people thought that this particular field was gradually dying, it wasn’t. A lot more of it was destined to come. By the late 1980s, it became clear that people’s initial belief of infectious diseases declining needed to be qualified, as a host of new diseases emerged to infect human beings (Smallman & Brown, 2011).With the current trends, the epidemics and pandemics we have faced have created a very chaotic and unreliable future for mankind. As of today, it has really been difficult to prevent global epidemics and pandemics. Although the cases may be different from one state to another, the challenges we all face are all interconnected in this globalized world.
There are 5 main pathways of environmental transmission of pathogens. Those are air-borne, food-borne, water-borne, vector-borne and blood-borne. Air-borne transmission refers to any disease that is caused by a pathogen and transmitted through the air. These pathogens can be spread by coughing, sneezing, stirring dust, liquid spraying, or generally any activity that generate aerosol particles or droplets. These pathogens can include viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Some common examples of pathogens that are spread via air-borne transmission are rhinovirus, hantavirus, adenovirus, and influenza, among many others (cdc.gov).
Boccaccio, Giovanni. "Introduction." Introduction. Trans. David Burr. The Decameron. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Boccaccio on the Plague. Virginia Tech History Department. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
At the same time, there is always a situation of conflict between the ‘structure and agency’ for causing a disease. Who is responsible for emergence of disease?- The social structure i.e. social, cultural, political or economic conditions or life-style of a person. Germov (2005) in his work ‘Imaging health problems