There has been conflicting research and advice about the safety of hormones with the increase in the aging female population within the last twenty years (National Institute on Aging). Hormone therapy has demonstrated to be the most effective FDA approved medication in the relief of menopausal symptoms, but these benefits must be weighed against serious adverse effects that hormones can cause. Although many women differ in their response to hormone products, MHT has been universally linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, blood clots, and strokes. Concerns about the findings discovered in the clinical and observation trials performed on MHT, have left some doctors and women hesitant in utilizing MHT to combat menopausal symptoms.
Menopause, also know as “the change” is a normal stage in the life cycle of aging women. During menopause a women’s body slowly produces less of the two female hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen promotes the normal development of the female breast and uterus, controls the ovulation cycle, and affects women’s physical and emotional health, while progesterone controls menstruation and prepares the lining of the uterus to receive the fertilized egg.
During perimenopause, the years prior to the onset of complete menopause, the levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate as the ovaries begin to shrink in an attempt to maintain hormone production. Perimenopause lasts several years. During this stage of menopause, women experience irregular menstrual cycles in conjunction with unpredictable episodes of heavy bleeding.
Menopause is marked by the cessation of the menstrual cycle for twelve consecutive months. Natural menopause varies in timing from woman to woman, but ty...
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...isks. How the WHI findings apply to the other types, forms, and doses of estrogen and progesterone or progestin are unknown.
Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy, once believed to ward off heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer, while improving women’s quality of life, has now been confirmed to pose serious risks and increase the threat of developing various health conditions with long-term use. To many suffers of menopausal symptoms, the palliative benefits of hormone products outweigh the risks. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently advise women to use menopausal hormones conservatively for the shortest time and at the lowest dose possible to control symptoms. Concurrent studies governed by the FDA are in the works to determine the safety and effectiveness of alternatives in treatment of menopausal symptoms without hormone products. (USDHH)
The correct answer is bone fractures because HRT slows bone turnover and increase bone mineral density which are good for reducing bone fracture.
“High levels of hormones can cause problems in the human body, but can hormones we ingest really alter our hormone level...
...ion. After 40 years since FDA approval, the Pill has been modified with a smaller dosage of hormones, which addressed the risks previously associated. The risks associated with the Pill have decreased. With the help of safety profiles, women are now screened for risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The Pill has since evolved into a safer oral contraceptive causing the focus from supposed health risks to real health benefits such as, protection against ovarian and endometrial cancers.
A thin, stretchy sheath about two inches in diameter and six to eight inches long, designed to be worn over penis during sex. Condoms form a physical barrier between penis and the vagina. After ejaculation the tip of the condom holds the semen and prevents it from traveling to woman's reproductive system to fertilize the egg.
Trussell, J., Stewart, F., Potts, M., Guest, F., & Ellertson, C. (1993). Should Oral Contraceptives
14- Dutt. P, Chaudhary SR, et al. Oral health and menopause: a comprehensive review on current knowledge and associated dental management. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research (2013); 3(3): 320-323.
During recent years, numerous newspaper and magazine articles have suggested that humans may be at risk because small amounts of well known environmental contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, can affect hormone levels. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system as regulators of biological function in target organs. Because hormones play a critical role in early development, toxicological effects on the endocrine system often have an impact on the reproductive system. The term endocrine disruptor is used to describe chemicals that can mimic hormones and may either enhance or counteract their effects. It has been suggested that these hormone changes can, in turn, lead to a variety of health problems including cancer, decreased fertility, and abnormalities in newborns.
What exactly is birth control? Birth control means things that can be done to ensure that pregnancy only happens if and when wanted. Nowadays there are a great variety of ways to assure birth control. However, there is only one way that can be considered 100 percent secure. The more it is known about birth control options, the better chances of avoiding an unwanted pregnancy and reducing the risks of getting a sexually transmitted disease, including AIDS.
DUB affects 50% of women worldwide (Schuiling & Likis, 2013, p. 610). This has a significant impact on the women’s life, family and career. When a woman has an episode of bleeding that differs from normal in amount, frequency, duration and timing, the term DUB can be applied when all other medical reasons have been ruled out. The menstrual cycle depends on a functional hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian cycle that regulates the hormonal events leading to a woman’s ability to bear children. Once a woman has established ovulation, they tend to have a regular pattern. Any deviation from this pattern can be a cause of concern for the woman.
This includes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland which in turn stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone hormone (Nelson, 2014). According to Mtawali et. al (1997), the changes of hormone will lead to changes in the female reproductive organ such as ovaries, uterus and cervix . Additionally, Mtawali et al. (1997) state the menstrual cycle can be divided into phases based on the changes that occur simultaneously in the ovary (involving the follicular and luteal phase) and the uterus (involving the proliferative, secretory and menstrual phase) as shown in figure 2. Based on figure 1, Mtawali et. al (1997) divide the menstrual into several phases, starting with follicular phase and proliferative phase, followed by luteal phase and secretory phase, menstrual phase (if there is no fertilization) and pregnancy (if fertilization
The menstrual cycle occurs in the uterus and the ovary as a part of making sexual reproduction possible. The menstrual cycle is a monthly occurrence and happens so the ovary can produce eggs and the uterus can get ready for an egg becoming fertilized. (Wikipedia) The menstrual cycle is a complex cycle and is controlled by hormones produced by many different glands. The hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to produces chemicals which then cause the ovaries to produce the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone. Each gland and structure is affected by the activity of another which is a biofeedback . The menstrual cycle has been assumed to last around 28 days and happens in four stages, the menstrual phase (day 1-5), follicular phase (day 1-13), ovulation phase (day 14) and the luteal phase (day 15-28). The day count for the menstrual cycle starts on the first day that the blood comes out of the vagina. (Women’s Health)
Women are at a higher threat of developing osteoporosis when their ovaries discontinue producing estrogen. This is due to the fact that estrogen supports maintaining proper calcium levels in bones. “A collapse of bony vertebrae of the spinal column results in loss of height and stooped posture. Hip fractures are a common occurrence.”
The cause of endometriosis continues to remain unknown. It has been researched for many decades and...
It can be concluded that, the estrous cycle is a cycle where the females recur the changes physiologically induced by the reproductive hormones. The cycle begins after the female mature sexually and it is interrupted by the pregnancies. Estrous cycle will continue until the death of the female.