Introduction Aluminum chlorohydrate is an aluminum salt. It is an inorganic, water-soluble aluminum complex with widespread commercial use. It is a stable, powdered solid that can be hazardous if inhaled or ingested (MSDS). It is used in most antiperspirants on the market today in the United States. In aqueous solution it polymerizes, forming a number of polymers, some of which play an important role in antiperspirant activity (Pophristic et al. 2003). Bulk samples of aluminum chlorohydrate, Al2(OH)5Cl2H2O - (ACH) consists of a mixture of polymers ranging from Al2 to Al200, with the Al13 being the major component (Pophristic et al. 2004). Unlike deodorants, antiperspirants reduce the amount of sweat produced and are considered a drug since they alter the normal physiology of the body (Flarend et al. 2000). Aluminum chlorohydrate is also used as a coagulant in water purification to remove dissolved organic matter and colloidal particles. It is most often used in industrial and sanitary waste water treatment. It is also used for ink, food, metals and oily wastes, phosphorous removal, color reduction, paper and pulp wastes, sludge dewatering, and metals precipitation (beckart.com). Aluminum chlorohydrate leaves no residual color, offers excellent turbidity removal, and is available as a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) chemical (beckart.com). Since aluminum chlorohydrate is one of the many salts of aluminum, it is important to have some background information on aluminum. Aluminum occurs naturally and makes up about 8% of the Earth's surface (groesbeckmedicalclinic.com). It is a silver to white color and it is flexible. Aluminum is abundant in nature but has no biological function in the human body (groesbeckmed... ... middle of paper ... ...ys. Chem. 108. (2004): 113-120. Pophristic V, Venkatachalapathy SKB, Kleina ML. Structure and Dynamics of the Aluminum Chlorohydrate Polymer Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12Cl7. Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 6. (2004):919- 923. Quatrale RP, Waldman AH, Rogers JG, Felger CB. The Mechanism of Antiperspirant Action by Aluminum Salts. I. The Effect of Cellophane Tape Stripping on Aluminum Salt-Inhibited Eccrine Sweat Glands. J. Soc Cosmet. Chem. 3(2). March/April (1981): 67-73. Walton JR. Evidence that Ingested Aluminum Additives Contained in Processed Foods and Alum- Treated Drinking Water are a Major Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease. Current Inorganic Chemistry. 2 (1). March (2012): 19-39. http://www.t3db.org/toxins/T3D1486 http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/03-14140.htm http://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/aluminum.html http://www.beckart.com/chemistry/coagulants/alchhy.php
Al to Al(OH)4 – (aq). Cut and Measure approximately one gram of aluminum off the side of a soda can. Take a piece of stainless steel scouring pad to remove the coating from both sides of the aluminum. Cut the Aluminum into smaller pieces to increase the surface area so the rate of the chemical reaction can increase and dissolve more quickly. Reweigh the aluminum to determine its exact mass. In a hood, add the aluminum to a 400mL beaker containing 50mLs of KOH potassium hydroxide. Allow the solution to sit until all of the aluminum has dissolved. This process could take up to 20 minutes. You may also need to use a low heat setting on a hot plate. During the reaction, the product will turn a dark grey color. The reaction is complete once all of the aluminum has dissolved and hydrogen gas ceases to evolve. After the aluminum has dissolved use gravity filtration to remove all solids from the solution, collect the solution into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer
In the mining field, hydrochloric acid can be used to clean ore and concentrates (a concentrate is the desirable metal along with undesired substances such as dirt, sand, or minerals). You want to do this because there are salts in the concentrates that make it impossible to recover the gold with mercury. When you use hydrochloric acid it reacts with these salts to make new salts that are soluble in water. The new salts, having been dissolved in water, can then just be poured out. You are then able to do whatever is was that those salts wouldn't allow you to do in the first place. Now, you can get hydrochloric acid at a hardware store, and it may be called “muriatic acid”. You should dilute this about 1 to 6 with water before using it.
Hydrochloric acid is the clear colourless solutions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, hydrochloric acid is also a highly corrosive substance and a strong mineral acid meaning they are formed from inorganic compounds, hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid meaning that it can only ionize one H+ ion. As a result hydrochloric acid can be used in a wide range of industrial practices such as removing rust from steel, ore processing, the production of corn syrup and making of PVC plastics. Hydrochloric acid is made using a very straight forward method which involves dissolving hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, releasing the H+ cation and Cl- anion. In this aqueous form the H+ ion joins water to form a hydronium ion (H3O+)
Hydrochloric acid is polar substance and has a linear shape with an electronegativity difference of 0.9; it has weak dipole-dipole forces/bonds between its molecules (intermolecular forces) and polar covalent forces/bonds between the chloride and hydrogen ions (Intramolecular forces). (5) HCl has a molar mass of 36.4609 g.mol-1. HCl is fully miscible in water as it forms hydrogen bonds with the water. Hydrochloric acid has a melting point of 247K and a boiling point of 321K if in a 38% solution. 17
The oxide of aluminum is amphoteric—showing both acidic and basic properties. The most important compounds include the oxide, hydroxide, sulfate, and mixed sulfate compounds. Anhydrous aluminum chloride is important in the oil and synthetic-chemical industries. Many gemstones—ruby and sapphire, for example—consist mainly of crystalline aluminum oxide.
Arsenic is quite common in nature, but is rare as native. It occurs free in nature, but is most often found in the minerals arsenopyrite, realgar and orpiment. There are three allotropes or polymorphic modifications of arsenic; gray, yellow, and black arsenic. Gray arsenic is the most common, the metallic ...
Gold contains several properties that are visible through the human eye. It is these properties that will greatly differentiate gold from other existing elements in the earth. These physical properties make gold unique. The element gold is yellow in color. It is actually a very bright yellow color. When it comes to its luster, gold is
A question commonly associated with the word insecticides is, what are they? Well I have the answer, insecticides are chemicals that are used to eliminate insects. In the agricultural industry, insecticides are classified into different categories,and the most used is carcinogenic. A carcinogenic insecticide is a substance or agent producing or causing cancer. This is just one of the reason that I believe there are more cons then pros when dealing with a insecticide.. When I was a kid , I can remember my parents taking me and my brother an apple orchard and picking apples. I couldn't wait to eat them until I got home, but we couldn't eat an apple because of what insecticides could be on the apple
After forming 1,1-diphenylethanol, we washed the crude sample (1,1-diphenylethanol with impurities) with cold hexane to remove impurities such as acetophenone and bromobenzene. Cold hexane was added (rather than ambient temperature hexane) to minimize 1,1-diphenylethanol
The Synthesis of Alum from Aluminum lab centralized on the creation of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate from a set amount of aluminum, and using quantitative analysis to then compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield. The synthesis of alum was conducted through a series of steps involving aluminum foil, potassium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid. Given that aluminum is amphoteric, meaning it can dissolve in both strong acids and strong bases, potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid were both suitable for the dissolution of aluminum. There are multiple applications to synthesizing alum; from eliminating waste in the environment by repurposing, to utilizing alum as a medical treatment, the practicality of alum is immense.
Silver chloride is an ionic chemical compound with the chemical formula, AgCl. Silver chloride has a electronegativity of 1.4 and is known be rather, extremely low with regards to water solubility. It has a density if 5.56 gm/cm3, a melting point of 455 degrees and a boiling point of 1,547 degrees and the state of this compound is solid in room temperature. When heated, AgCl converts to silver and chlorine, which is evident by the greyish or purplish prominence of the compound.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Aluminum is an element in the boron group with a symbol of Al, and an atomic number of 13. Aluminum is a very soft metal when pure but becomes strong and hard when alloyed, a malleable metal with a silvery gray color. Aluminum is a very reactive element so it is found in nature combined with other elements. Aluminum resists corrosion by the formation of a self-protecting oxide coating. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, following oxygen and silicon. It makes up approximately 8% by weight of the Earth’s surface. Although this is evident, it is also apparent that aluminum is never found by itself in nature. All of the earth’s aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds and in order to create new aluminum products; it has to be taken out of that specific compound. Aluminum does not rust like other elements, therefore it always remains strong and shiny, which means reused aluminum is almost identical to a brand new piece of metal. An electrochemical process creates aluminum. An electrochemical process is “the direct process end use in which electricity is used to cause a chemical transformation” ( E.I.A. Government). Major uses of electrochemical processes occur in the aluminum industry in which alumina is reduced to molten aluminum metal and oxygen, where than the aluminum can be used into making several different materials. Electrochemical processes, although very useful, can have serious environmental consequences. To help reduce the consequences that the production of aluminum creates, the idea of aluminum recycling comes into play.
For example, Febreeze is made of molecules called cyclodextrin. When the product is sprayed, the water typically diffuses the odor on contact. This allows the “donut” shaped molecules to soak up the toxins and bacteria that cause the odor.
Laundry detergents have had a great impact on the society since it helps our life in keeping ourselves clean, lessens our job or the use of our energy in cleaning our appliances. Laundry detergents have come a long way since the very first bar soaps, made from animal fat and lye, were offered for sale in the 1700s. In the 1950s, homemakers had more options of fabric care since the introduction of synthetic detergents were placed on the market. However; during the 1970s, the most significant innovation in advanced cleaning was made available to clean specific types of stains. Every detergent manufacturer has secret ingredients and mixtures to produce their specific brands of laundry detergent. Many of these ingredients are extracted from plants,