Natural or synthetic zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates,built up of 3-dimensional frame of [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5-. Zeolites have unique ion exchange and sorption properties. They are widely used in wastewater treatment, construction, act as catalyst, gas separation and ion exchange in industry. Water treatment Zeolites are used in large number of water treatment such as water softening and purification from ammonia, heavy and radioactive metals. Besides that, zeolites are used as absorbents
of crystallization, zeolite crystallinity degree and the desired composition. After that, the crystallized zeolite is separated using rotary vacuum filters and washed with water. These zeolites then undergo few treatments to convert it into catalytic acitve material. The NaY zeolite is exchanged with ammonium ions to get rid of the sodium ions in an ionic exchange tanks which is then filtered out and sprayed with the exchange solution. The excess salts on the exchanged zeolites are removed by washing
Health- a human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Page 534 In Libby, Montana, the zeolite plant was a good thing at first, jobs were created and stability was provided to the citizens of the town. Mining began in Libby in 1919 and created over two hundred jobs. For ninety years, Libby was eighty percent of the production of zeolite shipped around the world. Little did the town know that the nuisance dust that was created by the mining would lead to the down
heterogeneous (solid) base catalysts being insoluble. They are separated simply by filtration and can be reused many times. A lot of research has also been done in this direction. Commonly used solid base catalysts are alkaline earth metal oxides, zeolites, KNO3 loaded on Al2O3, BaO, KNO3/Al2O3, CaO, SrO, and MgO. Alkaline earth metals such as Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr and Ra, their oxides and derivatives
The Role Catalysts In Chemical Reactions, Their Importance In Industry, Problems and New Developments OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS EXAMINATION BOARD. General Certificate Examination - Advanced Level Chemistry (Salters') - Paper 3 mock. ROBERT TAYLOR U6JW. A Catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a reaction. The catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. The process is called catalysis. In this report I aim going to explain the role of catalysts in chemical reactions and their
It has a highly ordered pore structure which is well-known, allowing for use as a highly shape selective catalyst. ZSM-5 can be functionalized by adding acid sites instead of metal ion sites, resulting in the zeolite catalyst HZSM-5. An illustration of the pore channel structure of ZSM-5 is shown in figure 22. Figure 2. Pore channel structure of ZSM-5. Figure taken from Kokotailo et al.2 Literature Review There any many different biomass feedstocks available for
Because nitrogen gas, as in sewage treatment operations, has no economic value, some researchers seek to remove nitrogen compounds in dissolved form. The most promising method for removing dissolved forms of nitrogen compounds is the application of zeolite columns employing adsorption
Cultivation of Grapes The process involved in the cultivation, production and science of Grapes is called Viticulture. Grape cultivations one of the oldest cultivation in mankind after grains, that dates back to 7000 years during the Neolithic period. Viticulture originated from the Mediterranean region & spread across Middle East & Asia & gradually to the world. It’s in the records that the 1st grape harvest occurred 5400 B.C in region where present day Georgia & Armenia countries are called
The company is proactively playing a significant role in the socioeconomic development of the local demography. NALCO is actively engaged in rehabilitation of the land-displaced families, employment, and income generation, health care, development of infrastructure, and various humanitarian goodwill missions. These activities have earned NALCO an enviable place in the corporate world. With the setting up of NALCO foundation and a doubling of its corporate social responsibility (CSR) budget to 2%
“Drying In ancient times the sun and wind would have naturally dried foods. Evidence shows that Middle East and oriental cultures actively dried foods as early as 12,000 B.C. in the hot sun. Later cultures left more evidence and each would have methods and materials to reflect their food supplies—fish, wild game, domestic animals, etc. Vegetables and fruits were also dried from the earliest times. The Romans were particularly fond of any dried fruit they could make. In the Middle Ages purposely built
Concrete is the widely used material for all infrastructural activities in the world. There is a huge demand for concrete usage nowadays next to water. Around the world, lot of attention have been paid in the last two decades to minimize environmental degradation caused by the concrete .Many studies have been carried out to develop alternative material for concrete in order to reduce its environmental impact. Concrete is produced conventionally by using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as the primary
burned in a distillation tower. This process reduces the viscosity of heavy weight oils and produces tar. The other method of cracking is called Catalytic Cracking and it uses a catalyst to speed up the cracking reaction. Catalysts include zeolite, aluminium hydrosilicate, and bauxite. The hydrocarbons (only from the oil fraction) are heated in the same way but the catalyst speeds up the reaction by lowering the boiling point of the substance and allowing high molecular mass alkanes to
Drying is a complex operation involving transitory heat and mass transfer mechanisms followed by physical or chemical transformations as rate processes, changing the physical qualities of the product inclusive of shrinkage, puffing, crystallization, glass transitions etc & due to the enviable or uninvited chemical or biochemical reactions, changes in physical properties like color, texture, odor, or other properties of the solid product is the follow up of the drying process. A vapor–pressure gradient
Clay consists of the finest-grain particles in sediment, soil, or rock, and a rock or a deposit containing a large component of clay-size material. Clay can be composed of any inorganic materials, such as clay minerals, allophane, quartz, feldspar, zeolites, and iron hydroxides, that possess a sufficiently fine grain size. Along with organic matter, water, and air, clays are one of the four main components of soil. Physical properties of clay include plasticity when wet, the ability to form colloidal
The main purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of water hardness and its implications. To be able to do this, the experiment was divided into many sections, that let us understand, calculate and determine many other things about different water samples such as concentration in different units, the effects of resin on the concentration, titration procedures and more. Being more specific about the importance of water hardness, the definition of this concept has to be explained in
Alkylated phenols and their derivatives are important materials in both organic synthesis and chemical manufacturing. Mono-alkylphenols and di-alkylphenols are used as raw materials for the manufacture of a wide variety of products such as resins, wire enamels, varnishes, printing inks, antioxidants, flame retardants, ultraviolet absorbers, fungicide, petroleum additives and rubber chemicals [1-17]. Friedel–Crafts alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) produces 2-tert-butylphenol (2-TBP)
The substantial improvement of mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites can be attributed to high rigidity and aspect ratio of nanoclay combined with good affinity through interfacial interaction between polymer matrix and dispersed nanoclay. It is well reported that polymer nanocomposites have excellent barrier properties against O2, CO2 and water vapor. This depends on the type of clay, i.e., compatibility between clay and polymer matrix, structure of nanocomposites and aspect ratio of clay
“An innovator is one who does not know it cannot be done” - R.A. Mashelkar These splendid words of Dr R A Mashelkar have made a deep-rooted impact on my mind. He rightly states that great leaders fearlessly tackle challenges; they believe that nothing is impossible. These leaders are actually innovators who have immense passion in them to envisage solutions for perplexing problems. As a young, aspiring engineer, I find Dr R A Mashelkar’s philosophy, that the innovators have compassion in their heart
Binder viscosity was altered by changing temperature. The initial dispersion of the binder in the powder depends upon viscosity and shear rate applied. (Schaefer, 1996) Binder viscosity also controls the consolidation rate and hence subsequent growth via coalescence. (Ennis, et al., 1991). Results from Rough et al (2005) showed that increased temperature (lower viscosity), the regimes are reached faster because the binder is able to distribute more effectively in the mixture at a given shear rate
Brick Dimensions The size of a standard brick is: 76 mm high x 230 mm long x 110 mm wide. Some bricks are made with different sizes. 50 mm and 90 mm high bricks, 90 mm wide bricks & 290 mm long bricks are manufactured for different structural and aesthetic effect. Larger bricks are often used for more economical laying and as design feature either on their own or combined with smaller bricks. In India, the size of brick is 228 × 107 × 69 mm. Larger Hollow bricks (140 mm w x 90 mm h x 290 mm l) are