Tennis rackets today are made from a high modulus graphite and/or carbon fibre, which is used to keep the frame lightweight and stiff for increased racket head stability and performance. The process of them being made quite a few steps. Step 1, there are two ways you can form the frame of an aluminum
Kevlar K-119, Kevlar K-129, Kevlar AP and Kevlar KM2 for hockey sticks (DuPont, 2012). As example, Kevlar K-24: The mechanical properties of Kevlar K-24 based on thermal effect on tensile strength, young modulus and tensile strain. The reason Kevlar has high tensile strength and high tensile modulus is bonding interface between fibre and matrix was not strong enough to transfer stress between fibres and matrix. The other was that the fibres were damaged when exposed either intentionally or accidentally
account for varying strengthening properties in thermoplastic composites. Recently, Neagu et al. investigated the stiffness part of various wood fibers to composite materials. They observed a connection between lignin content and longitudinal Young’s modulus, and an optimal lignin content range for maximum fiber stiffness was recorded for softwood Kraft fibers [8]. Several efforts have been practiced to link wood-based particles and fiber properties to WPC properties [9–11]. A high aspect ratio (length/width)
Name: Anthony Goh Kwan Chin Group: ACB2 – AA1 Date: 25th March 2014 Title: Usage of alloy materials in coin production Introduction: Going through thousands of years, the manufacturing of coins (minting/coining/coinage) have been one of the most polished product of mankind. One of the earliest recorded standardized coins was made by the Roman Empire, consisting of gold, silver and bronze. Now in the modern age, coins are made with alloys (solids made up of a base metal and other elements), with
Carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer (CFRP) is a composite polymer made up of carbon fibers and a binding polymer. The binding polymer can be a thermoset resin or thermoplastic polymer(s). Examples of thermoplastic polymers that can bind with carbon fiber to make CFRP are polyester, nylon, or vinyl ester. A thermoset resin that can combine with the carbon fiber to make CFRP is epoxy. The combination of the carbon fibers and a thermoset resin or thermoplastic polymer producing CFRP results in a light
3.0 METHODOLOGY Three main qualities any player would seek for in a field hockey stick are lightness, responsiveness, and stiffness. All these qualities are attained by doing the right material selections and also by undergoing proper manufacturing process. (Michael Cavette, 2003). For instance, lack of flexibility is ultimately important in the blade of a stick, where any twist is capable of deflecting a shot from its desired path. 3.1 RAW MATERIALS The largest variety is seen in the materials used
Mining is a necessary component of the world we live in and it has been practiced for thousands of years. The mining industry produces billions of tons of raw product every year. The process of mining is very complicated and involves plenty of physics! Two main components of the mine cycle are: Drilling, and Blasting. Some important factors in mining are the pillars, rock elasticity, and the slope stability of the ground being mined. A basic method for destroying rock is mechanically induced stress
calculate all the unknowns by the three equations of equilibrium. 2: Hooke’s Law, Poisson’s Ratio and Modulus of rigidity. Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) all share a common bond. They are considered to be individually the same for a specific material. hooke’s law is formulated as F=kx; Poisson’s ratio is formulated as = (lateral strain / axial strain) and shear modulus is formulated as G= E/(2(1+" " )). 3: polar moment of inertia and angle of twist. Determinate
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This
ple. Femur bones are consist of two type, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Corti- cal bone is significantly higher in density and Young’s modulus (Dieter Christian Wirtz et al., 2000; Critical evaluation of known bone material properties to realize anisotropic FE-simulation of the proximal femur). Cancellous bone is porous, thus lower in both density and Young’s modulus. In the femur, cancellous bone mainly distributes in upper extremity and lower extremity while cortical bone consist mainly the middle
Structural adhesives are used in a variety of applications such as automotive, durable goods, and building and construction. Adhesive chemistries can encompass one and two component polyurethane (PU), epoxy or cyanoacrylate, but in this article, we will discuss about the usage of polyurethane as the structural adhesive in automobile industry. Polyurethanes are made by the exothermic reactions between alcohols with two or more reactive hydroxyl (-OH) groups per molecule (diols, triols, polyols) and
Mechanical properties such as the ultimate strength, the fracture strength, and the Young’s modulus of the sample are obtained by further analyzing the stress versus strain graph. These experimental values are compared to the expected mechanical properties of the tested material provided by a reference. The percent difference between the expected and experimental values of the ultimate strength is 13.5% and that of the modulus of elasticity is 9.42 %. INTRODUCTION Background In many engineering
INTRODUCTION What is polymer? The term name of polymer came from ancient greek, poly and mers meaning many parts. Polymer consist a very large molecule comprising hundreds or thousands of atoms formed by successive linking of one or two, occasionally more, types of small molecule in chain or network structures. In Fig 1, this specific molecular structure (chainlike structure) of polymeric materials is responsible for their intriguing mechanical properties. Polymer architecture can vary.
Summary The objective of this lab is to illustrated the procedures required to perform tensile tests. Using data obtained from the test will enable the student to determine various material characteristics that affect the design process. Some findings/interpretations are the stress vs strain curve will help us show how the metal reacted to the forces applied, and the point of failure is very important as it is the ultimate strength. Introduction To test if a metallic material is viable candidate
doctorate. After receiving his doctorate, Young went to Emmanuel College in Cambridge, where he directed his attention to scientific matters. However, Young left Emmanuel College in 1799 and set up a medical practice in London. During this time Young's primary focus was sense perception, it was during this time that Young concluded that astigmatism results from an improperly curved cornea. It was also during this time that he turned to the study of light. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the
Introduction This task is a case study on the material choice of bicycle frame. The primary component of the bicycle is frame, which helps the bicycle to work as a complete efficient device. Bicycle frame have gone from wood to metal materials for innovative composites in the last and a half century. Bicycles themselves have gone from simple curiosities to serious ways of transport in developing nations and a significant form of sport and entertainment in western world. While the automobile and aerospace
weaves, and braids, which are in turn mixed with synthetic resins to create the carbon fiber as a composite material. Based on different characteristics carbon fibers can be divided into three principals groups: according to carbon fiber tensile modulus, according to precursor fiber materials, and according to final heat
resonator Parameter Dimension Aluminum Electrode (thick) 0.2 um Aluminum Electrode (Width) 500 um Zno 9.5um Silicon substrate 7 um Table 5: Material properties of piezoelectric resonator Materials Density (kg/m3) Elasticity matrix (GPa) Youngs modulus (Pa) Silicon 2330 166 70 Aluminum 2700 NA NA Zno 5680 2.0974e-14 NA Measurement and analysis Conclusion and future work
reinforces a polymer resin (usually epoxy) [3]. The carbon fibers themselves are polymers of graphite (which has a hexagonal sheet structure) rolled into a thin filament [2]. The tensile strength (resistance to tearing from being pulled) and Young’s Modulus (force required to stretch or compress a material) are extremely high in relation to the fiber’s weight. The internal strength of carbon fiber lies in the structure of the weave and the impact resistance comes from the hard plastic polymer shell
material is characterized by its resilient stiffness modulus and thickness design by cumulative damage analysis using fatigue life analysi... ... middle of paper ... ... cement stabilised recycle crushed concrete at frequency of 2 Hz, 5Hz,8Hz and 13.3 Hz and concluded that resilient stiffness modulus is independent of frequency in applied frequency range. Fig.25 Set-up for Resilient Modulus testing of material Table9. Table for Resilient Modulus (MPa) value for different cement content and curing