Purpose: Syngas through water gas-shift reactions relate multiple reasoning to the foundation and production of several oil and gas related industries. The following analysis of syngas will begin with the explanation of water gas-shift reaction along with related Steam Reform Reactor, and Fischer-Tropsch processes. In the major bulk of the analysis, the complete process of syngas involvement with water gas-shift reactions will be discussed. In addition, catalyst involvement will be introduced in
Production of hydrogen Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of feedstock. These comprises of non-renewable fossil resources, such as coal and natural gas, as well as renewable resources, such as biomass and water with input from renewable energy sources for example sunlight, hydro-power, wind and waves. The variability of process technologies used range from chemical and biological to electrolytic, photolytic and thermo-chemical. Each of these mentioned technologies are in a different stage of
The Bhopal Disaster Just after midnight on 3 December 1984, a dense gas cloud formed and rolled through the city of Bhopal and its surrounding villages. The people that inhaled the gas immediately started feeling its affect. They coughed uncontrollably, the gas burning their eyes, noses, and throats. The gas then attacked their central nervous system and, if they were unable to escape the cloud, they fell dead. The Union Carbide Corporation, an American based corporation, opened the Union Carbide
things that I learned in lesson 07.01 (Acids and Bases) and lesson 07.02 (Acid-Base Reactions). An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ or hydrodium ionsH3O+ in solution. There are three “kinds of acids”: Arrhenius, BrØnsted-Lowry, and Lewis Acid. An Arrhenius acid is a substance the increases the concentration of hydrogen ion, H+ or hydronium ions H3O+when dissolved in water. You must have water. A BrØnsted-Lowry acid is any substance that donates a hydrogen ion, H+ to another substance
On the 3rd of December 1984, a gas leakage incident happened in Bhopal, India. Methyl isocyanate(MIC), a deadly poisonous gas was accidentally leaked and spread into air from the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant. The leak was caused by large volume of water entering one of the MIC storage tanks in the underground. As a result temperature and pressure in tank continuously increased and the storage tank burst as a result of chemical reaction between the water and MIC. It spread in the air and
safer for minors to work. He his most remembered for his own principle dealing with equilibrium. In essence this principle says a reaction in an equilibrium state will compensate for changes in the system by counteracting the change to restore equilibrium. It helps chemists predict how changing the concentration, pressure, volume or temperature will affect their reactions. Le Chatelier’s work is impressive and he should always be remembered as one of the greatest chemists who has ever lived.
Analyzing the Products of Substitution Reactions with Alcoholic Compounds Adam Schroeder, Jessica Vecera, Brandon Guth Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 Three different substitution reactions were completed using different alcoholic compounds. Substitution reactions can either be Sn1 or Sn2 depending on the reactive properties of the reactants and catalysts. The reactive properties are also dependent upon the shape and whether
Fischer esterification reaction was observed. A Fischer esterification is a reaction that converts a carboxylic acid into an ester. Within the reaction, the hydroxyl portion, -OH, of the carboxylic acid is replaced by an -OR group. The byproduct is water which is also a nucleophile. Therefore, water can be added back into the compound and undergo hydrolysis on the newly formed ester which produces the starting carboxylic acid. To make sure the reversibility did not occur, the reaction mixture was heated
The change in heat of a specific reaction is symbolized by ΔH°rxn. The heat of a reaction is measured by the enthalpy of the product minus the enthalpy of the reactants. This heat of reaction, ΔH°rxn, is important for many reasons, including its use in metabolism, fuel combustion, food, everyday items like refrigerators and hand warmers, and other chemical processes. One of the most important uses of ΔH°rxn is its role in metabolism. Metabolism is a set of reactions that create important energy sources
revolutionized by science to improve efficiency and safety. Efficiency defines how fast our cars move, how much fuel they waste per mile, how safe our cars keep us, how proficiently a car drives. To keep our cars productive there are many chemical reactions that occur to keep these factors perfect. The two that are primarily focused about in the essay are fuel combustion and airbags. Every instance the car is in use there is a massive chance of a safety breach and injury. The airbag will instantly
The major industrial accidents occur due to gas leakages, mine crash, leakages from nuclear reactors, explosions and fire accidents. The Bhopal disaster, also known as the ‘Bhopal Gas Tragedy’, was a gas leak incident in India, considered as the world’s worst industrial disaster. This industrial disaster not only causing air pollution, it is also responsible for loss of lives. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, a poisonous gas named methyl isocyanate leaked from a pesticide plant run
equation for any Arrhenius acid-base reaction in water: H3O+ + OH- 2H2O When it reacts, the H3O+ ion gives up a proton, passing it to the OH- ion. This means that H3O+ is a Bronsted-Lowry acid in this reaction. The OH- in turn accepts the proton, making it a Bronsted-Lowry base. The advantages of the Bronsted-Lowry definitions are that they cover acids and bases other than H3O+ and OH- .Consider: HSO4- + PO43- SO4- + HPO42- During this reaction the HSO4- ion donates a proton and
"salt - former" and is based on the fact that the elements combine with most metals to form salts. (halides) ELEMENT ======= FLUORINE ======== CHLORINE BROMINE ======= IODINE ====== State at 20oC GAS --- GAS --- LIQUID ------ SOLID ----- Colour PALE YELLOW PALE GREEN RED-BROWN BLACK Melting Point (0C) - 220 - 101 - 7 113 Boiling Point (0C) - 188 - 35 59 183 ELECTRON AFFINITY
elimination reactions were compared and contrasted under acidic (H2SO4) and basic (KOC(CO3)3) conditions. The acid-catalyzed dehydration was done on 2-butanol and 1-butanol; a 2ᵒ and 1ᵒ alcohol, respectively. The base-induced dehydrobromination was performed on 2-bromobutane and 1-bromobutane; isomeric halides. The stereochemistry and regiochemistry of the four reactions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) to determine product distribution (assuming that the amount of each product in the gas mixture
with India today (Indian weekly magazine & news television channel) and covered the World’s Worst Industrial Disaster, The Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The picture shown above is captured by Raghu Rai and invades our mind with feart. This gas tragedy occurred in Bhopal’s multinational Union Carbide Corporation's pesticide formulation plant. Around 40 tons menthyl-iso-cyanate gas leaked on 2nd December, 1984 causing instantaneous deaths of more than 20,000 people over the two weeks. Nearly half of the Bhopal’s
Is global warming happening right now, and it is causing climate shifts on the Earth? Scientists are still proving this theory by researching data throughout the world. Though scientists are working hard to verify the theory, all the blame is on us, the consumers. Climate shifts are becoming a problem, and people need to be aware of what consequences may be ahead. People need to know, what can be done by this? Most individuals would not give this topic a second thought, but with the research being
Have you ever wondered what happens when water and electricity mix? This research paper will discuss the physics behind how the pH of salt solutions changes when an electric charge is passed through it. There are many different avenues of exploration to take with the complex physics of this project all of which are unique and interesting. A salt bridge is a non-covalent interaction between two ionized sites. It contains two components: a hydrogen bond and an electrostatic interaction (Salt
completed. All shift handover should require all leads with the main refinery focal person. This would let every agency know the progress of work and at that time adjustments could be made before the next shift started if necessary. This would also open the lines of communication so that everyone was aware of what was going on. I would also require that all training for the contractors be completed before starting work on the project. This would eliminate the possibility of one shift working longer
compound Camphor. Second most important, sodium borohydride provided the reducing agent, hydride, which added in on the endo side of the second carbon (C2) to make the exo alcohol isoborneol. The mechanisms of oxidation and reduction mirrored similar reactions such as esterification, β-elimination, and nucleophilic attack. The chirality and stereochemistry was observed in each step and played a role in forming the exo product isoborneol
Gasland (2010) was created by Josh Fox in reaction to gas companies seeking to buy his land. Disturbed by intrusion to his normal way of life, he searched for answers and documented them in a film. The documentary explains the hydraulic fracturing process and lists health interviews with residents living near fracking sites. Half a decade later, fracking has depleted shale areas and fluctuated past the original 34 states during the making of the film. The article “The Fracking Industry’s Dishonest