structures is to acquire enough but not too much oxygen, as it could be lethal, and also release carbon dioxide (Hisa et al. 2013). Oxygen has become essential over time but there is major difference in aquatic respiration versus land reparation in vertebrates. In osteichthyes (bony fish), the largest group of modern fish, counter current flow is required for the most efficient form of gas exchange and respiration when chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) use ram ventilation. Fish in general require a
Swallowing is essential to survival. The purpose of the swallowing mechanism is to transport food/liquid to the stomach as well as provide airway protection. The swallow is made up of different phases, that being the oral preparatory phase, oral transit phase, pharyngeal phase and esophageal phase. Normal development of the oropharyngeal structure of the swallowing mechanism is essential for a typical swallow from infancy to adulthood. Further, the oropharyngeal structure changes because of age
Figure 1: Tongue (100x: H&E)- Foliate papillae are located on the sides towards the back of the tongue. These papillae are parallel ridges that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium, and separated by mucosal clefts. Within each cleft sit taste buds that are oval in shape and extend through the epithelium. Underneath the epithelium is a layer of loose connective tissue. Lingual serous glands are present in the connective tissue beneath the papillae, and secrete a fluid that is composed
A Mink is a Carnivore found in many parts of the world. Two animals are branched out of the name “Mink”, there is the American Mink and the European Mink. The differences between these two animals include that the American Mink is larger in addition the difference can be seen in their skulls as the American Mink has a mandible that attaches to the rest of the skull differently than the European Mink allowing for greater range of motion ones it will bite. The American Mink is a semiaquatic mammal
COMPREHENSIVE DISSECTION OF THE MINK: Comprehensive Dissection of the Mink: The Digestive System The American Mink (Mustela Vison) is a small, short haired animal belonging to the Mustelidae family. Much similar to a ferret in appearance the mink has short legs, short hair, a long tail, and a long sleek body with a long neck. It also has a small face, with small features, such as ears, a mouth, a nose and a pair of eyes. This report is consisted of a comprehensive commentary about the differences
What structure links the nostrils to the mouth in a bird? The choanae Where is the “voice box” for a bird? The voice box of a bird is called the syrinx and is the enlargement at the base of the trachea. Do birds have a diaphragm? They do not have a diaphragm, but they have air sacks instead. What is the function of a diaphragm in a mammal? The diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. It aids in inspiration of the lungs and air flow. How is a bird’s respiratory system
the sea lion inhales, these bones moisten and warm the air and stop inhaled particles from going into the trachea or the lungs. In the back of the sea lion’s nose, there are ethmoidal turbinate bones which give it its keen sense of smell. The nasal septum of a sea lion separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves. Located deeper into the throat of the sea lion are its larynx and trachea. The larynx of the sea lion serves four important functions. It facilitates swallowing, facilitates breathing
human respiratory system consists of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide gas. Oxygen in air enters through the upper respiratory tract, which begins with the nose and the mouth, and is carried into the pharynx, the trachea, and into the lungs, where the exchange of gases occurs. The Human Respiratory System Human life depends on the presence of food, water and oxygen in order to sustain the body’s various functions. Every cell in the body needs oxygen to carry out its
Introductory Paragraph Respiration 33% The role of respiration in speech is to provide a column of compressed air so we can produce sounds by pushing it through tightly compacted or nearly closed structures of the vocal tract. We need to be able to breathe in order to speak or else no sound would project and we would be dead without breathing. The compression of air allows us to make three basic sounds that resonate through our vocal tract. It allows us to make sound, phonation, make plosive sounds
at the animal’s life span. Animals with a longer life span tend to return to their original location over time whereas animals with a shorter life span tend to continue on to new locations over time. At least one organism within each of the five vertebrate classes has been documented to participate in migration. Later, the migration of fish (specifically the salmon) and birds will be discussed more in depth but first a basic knowledge of migration and what all that in tails needs to be apparen t.
Rudolph Wilson What are invertebrates and vertebrates? Vertebrates happen to be animals that have an internal skeleton which has a backbone and they also have a spinal column. There are five classes of vertebrates there are fish amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They happen to be very large in size and very we'll developed there body contains a functional a heart split between two or four chambers. Basically the main features for vertebrates is a vertebral column functional brain developed
these features will work exactly the same. Humans and fish are related in the lineage of chordate because human shared homologous features to fish. Homologous features shared by human and fish enlighten the evolutionary pathway from the earliest vertebrate by sharing similar structures of the hands and fins, the development of teeth that diversified into features that showed up from the skin, and down to the instruction that made us who we are. The similarity of the bone structures and genetic instruction
Animal Testing Animal testing is the running of tests and the research done in a laboratory on animals. Some of the tests are done to benefit human lives and other tests are done to determine side effects of a certain household or cosmetic products. It is a topic that has been up for debate for many years not only in the United States, but all around the world. While some support the advances that come from the research others oppose the cruelty that the media projects to society. No matter
looking at. The general body features of a frog, for example, are very similar to the anatomy of humans. Both humans and the frog have the same kinds of organs and systems of organs. The frog's anatomy, however, are much simpler. As in other higher vertebrates, the frog body is divided into a head, a short neck, and a trunk. The flat head contains the brain, mouth, eyes, ears, and nose. A short and almost rigid neck allows only limited head movement. The frog is covered by a soft, thin, moist skin composed
Abstract: The early tetrapods were the first vertebrates to actually walk the solid earth. They began their conquest of land in the Paleozoic era around 360 million years ago. The question many paleontologists have been asking for a long period of time is whether the anatomy for locomotion on land was developed in water for swimming purposes, or if it was adapted after the creatures became terrestrial. Recent findings of fossils indicate that the transformations of the aquatic creatures happened
Organized in the class Actinopterygii, seahorses, Hippocampus spp., are marine dwelling organisms found in bodies of water which span from tropical to temperate zones around the Earth. As cited by Foster in Life History and Ecology of Seahorses, research by R. A. Fritschze suggests that the genus Hippocampus diverged at least 20 million years ago from its ancestral origins. Research pertaining to organisms organized under the genus Hippocampus are conflicting in regards to the number species contained
Anomel Tistong os whin piupli asi enomels on ixpiromints, tu tist thior riectoun tu whet os biong tistid. Thi rengi uf enomels asid on tistong os frum tins uf mollouns tu muri then e handrid molloun asid ennaelly. Thiri hes biin mach dibeti ebuat thos tupoc, biceasi, enomels eri thi must riloebli suarcis tu asi, ispicoelly moci, biceasi wi sheri 95% uf uar ginis woth thim, whoch mekis thim thi must cummun enomels tu asi. Althuagh, meny piupli thonk enomel tistong os cradi end oneccareti scoinci,
Animal Testing Every year approximately 100 million animals are killed as a part of scientific research in the United States alone. Animal testing is a highly controversial practice in the modern world. There are records of animals being used in biological and medicinal research as far back as 384 BCE with the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Many people believe animal testing is unethical as it is bringing harm to animals in order to benefit humans. Ever since the beginning of this practice
January 22, 2010; Last revised Date November 17, 2011; Retrieved April 25, 2012 http://www.eoearth.org/article/Devonian Sallan, Lauren Cole, and Michael I. Coates. "End-Devonian Extinction and a Bottleneck in the Early Evolution of Modern Jawed Vertebrates." Diss. Cambridge University, 2010. 17 May 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. http://www.pnas.org
Human Impact on the Survival of Wildlife Everyone’s all seen those wildlife shows on tv. The shows on National Geographic and such, showing animals in beautiful environments, everything lush and growing and nothing at all wrong that could threaten these creatures and places. But, have anyone seen the other side? The side where all these beautiful creatures and plants starve, are decimated by predators that have never been there before, and sometime even become poisoned by their very own homes and