Vancomycin Vancomycin can be classified to the Glycopeptide antibiotic group. • Vancomycin was first discoverd by Eli Lilly, from a soil sample which is collected from the jungles of Borneo. It is a naturally obtained antibiotic produced by the soil bacterium Actinobacteria species Amycolatopsis orientalis • The one advantage that was apparent is that staphylococci did not develop very strong resistance inspite of introducing it several times in culture media with vancomycin • The drug fast tracked
to antibiotic resistance. This paper will discuss the history, function, and resistance associated with vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic. History Vancomycin, which is a specific antibiotic that falls under the glycopeptide subset of antibiotics was first discovered from a soil sample in the Bornea jungle by Dr. E. C. Kornfield during an antimicrobial research program in 1953 (2). Vancomycin is a bactericide collected from a strain of bacteria known as Streptomyces orientalis, and upon its initial
54-year-old gentleman with severe vascular disease who was probable hypertensive nephropathy. His creatinine was 1.9 in 2009, 2.1 in 2011, 2.0 in 2012, 2.4 in 2013, and in 12/2016 it was still 2.4. Unfortunately, in association with a foot wound and vancomycin and Zosyn infusion that he has had this month his creatinine is now up to 3.7. Other labs: Past renal ultrasound unremarkable. Microalbumin to creatinine ratio elevated at 440. No urine protein on dipstick. ANA negative. A 06/2015 ultrasound
normally inhabits the intestinal tract in humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus
There are numerous theories that have been put across as far as the process of evolution. However, it was Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection that became the most accepted. Darwin’s theory is built on the basis that all living organisms are related but have modified over time from the original common ancestor as affirmed by (Fisher 7). Darwin claimed that all forms of life once came from non-life but as these organisms continued to mutate based on the environment in which they were in, they
Description of Clostridium Difficile Clostridium difficile, otherwise known as C. diff, is a species of spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that is known to cause watery diarrhea. 1 The genus name, Clostridium refers to the spindle shape of the organism while Difficile means difficult in Latin due to the fact that this organism thrives in unfavorable conditions and is very difficult to isolate.4 The incidence of getting CDI has increased over the years due to new strains of increased
in the case of the antibiotic known as vancomycin. In order to treat the vicious bacterium, the drug vancomycin was introduced with hope to provide a therapy for the infection. However, eventually a resistant gene toward this drug emerged and began to spread throughout hospitals. “These strains, known as vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), we progeny of MRSA that had acquired a set of five genes that travel together as a “cassette” and confer vancomycin” (Walsh & Fishbach, 2009). Unfortunately
war against disease is a battle that humanity has fought for centuries, and only recently has the development of penicillin switched that tide of war in our favor. However, with the advent of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and even vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus, the prospect of this battle is not promising (Bobenchik et al., 2013). Thus, it is crucial to test bacteria for antibiotic resistance to utilize antibiotics that battle with bacteria properly. The Kirby-Bauer experiment
associated with sever diarrhea resulting in patient’s mortality and other comorbidities. After first episode, there is a high chance for relapses due to reduction serum IgG antibodies to toxin A and colonic IgA secretion cells. Metronidazole and vancomycin are indicated for treatment of C.difficile and two studies in animal model suggest that use of culture-specific probiotics, such as S. boulardii can up-regulate anti-toxin a secretary IgA. According to one large study, well-designed study A Randomized
What is Infective Endocarditis? Before discussing Infective Endocarditis, it’s imperative to understand where the endocardium is along with its function because endocarditis affects this area of the heart. The Endocardium is the innermost layer of heart tissue that lines the cavities and valves of the heart and is composed of loose epithelial and connective tissue. The endocardium regulates contractions of the heart and helps regulate the composition of the blood that feeds the tissues of the
protein that is not present in susceptible strains and is believed to have been acquired from a distantly related species [4]. Many MRSA isolates are resistant to multiple antibiotics and are susceptible only to glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin and investigational
Antibiotics have been vital tools in the fight against bacterial infections, however their effectiveness has waned in recent times due to the advent of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. According to a review by P, the uses of antibiotics, as well as influences from the environment have allowed such bacterial strains to respond to changes in their environment rapidly, and so develop resistance. This acquired ability can have serious and broad implications in the medical field, evident in
Staph was discovered in the 1860 by a Scottish surgeon named Sir Alexander Ogston. He worked on wounds and surgery and put carbolic acid on the wound after surgery to keep it getting infected. In the year 1881 there are two kinds of staph infections you can either see yellow grapes or white grapes. In 1941 eighty-one percent of the patients died that year from staph infections and In 1940s the penicillin stopped curing staph infections because it came resistant penicillin. In 1961 MRSA was detected
evaluated her and recommended to continue the broad-spectrum antibiotic and thoracentesis of the right-sided pleural effusion was done with 700 mL of fluid were removed consistent with exudate and empyema. Afterwards, antibiotic was switched to vancomycin and cefepime and was evaluated by Surgery. Chest tube placement was done on the right side drained some serosanguineous fluid discharge from the right-sided chest tube and empyema is noted. She was transferred to Mercy San Juan Hospital to be evaluated
It is also resistant to multiple antibiotics including vancomycin. Vancomycin is used as a last resort for many gram positive infections (Kau, 2005). E. faecalis is part of our body function, as commensal bacteria without disrupting normal flora (Kau, 2005). However, when a patient is administrated into the hospital
Germaphobes beware: the next incurable global epidemic is already here and, to make matters worse, you may unknowingly come in daily contact with it. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is the villain of Maryn McKenna’s book, a terrifying tale of the negative consequences of modern medicine. It’s the kind of book that keeps you awake at night, itching to read the next chapter- and worried you could become infected. Through vivid case studies and scary scientific
step in the discovery process was adapting the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. This was accomplished by demonstrating the pathological similarities, then the relationship to clindamycin exposure, and finally the beneficial effect of vancomycin treatment”( Oxford Journal, clinical infectious diseases 2014). The Hamster model progressed the studies on treatments for the disease and set in motion the process of identifying the caustic microorganism. “They identified the caustic microorganism
John is a seventeen year old male who resides in Miami, Florida, who is also a junior that attends McHale high school. John is a very athletic and studious individual who can be very hard headed and a know it all at times. He plays on his high school football team as number 32 at linebacker. He lives in a three bedroom house with his younger brother and mom Mary. Unfortunatly they live on the poorer side of town and often had a hard time makes ends meet, although they manage to survive. One day after
begins to become conscious about his performances and his role about being a good doctor. He was blamed by the nurse for a patient’s allergy reaction as he was not responsible instead it was another nurse’s mistake who had messed vancomycin to be patient who was vancomycin allergy. Sooner, he begins to have low self-esteem about himself Besides, Dr. Martin also was affected and wanted some affection from someone. Later, he meets a patient by the name Diane, age 18 years old with kidney
CHAPTER THREE 3.1 MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF HONEY Scientist have showed that at least on sixty species of bacteria honey has powerful anti-bacterial properties unlike some antibiotics, which are ineffective on certain types of bacteria. Since ancient times by many religious faiths and recorded in ancient scriptures the importance of honey have been praised. The pH of honey lies between 3.2 and 4.5, the growth of many bacteria is ceased as a result of it acidic pH. 3.11 TREATMENT OF WOUNDS The medical