normal glucose metabolism takes place (figure-1). Insulin is a major hormone controlling functions of glucose metabolism. It activates insulin receptor tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates and recruits different proteins from the IRS family of proteins (4). Once phosphorylated these proteins display binding sites for numerous signaling pat... ... middle of paper ... ...tochondrial lipid uptake (6). Therefore, evidence that lipid oxidation decreases throughout the body in people with obesity and
G Proteins Proteins play various important roles in inter-neuronal communication. Receptor sites are made up of proteins and the ion channels in the cell membranes are proteins. The link between the receptor sites and the protein channels sometimes is the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, better known as G Protein. (1) The basic structure and function of these shall be explored in the following. In order for neuron communication to occur, the post-synaptic neuron must have receptor sites
How life arose is a question that is fundamental to both philosophy and science. Responses to it enable one, in turn, to answer such questions as, “Who am I?”, “Why am I here?”, and “How do I make sense of this world?” This secondary set of questions can be answered in a myriad of ways for a variety of reasons, but the answer to the first question has only two responses. As Douglas Futuyuma says, “Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things”
Analysis of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Introduction- Proteins may be thought of natural polymers of amino acids, as the composition of proteins is of amino acids. The technique known as paper chromatography is used to separate amino acids for analysis. In this technique small spots of amino acids are introduced to a piece of porous filter paper. The bottom of the paper is then placed in a small bath of an appropriate solvent. The solvent is allowed to rise up the paper. The
The Effect of Temperature on the Cell Membranes of Beetroot Cells Apparatus ·Corer size 4 · White tile · A Beetroot · Automatic Water Bath · Segregated knife · A thermometer · Stopwatch Method: · First take the white tile and the corer. Then collect a cylinder of beetroot by pushing the corer into the beetroot and withdrawing it. The cylinder remains inside the corer- so push it out with the end of a pencil. · Collect 3 cylinders, and then cut them into 6 pieces
types of macromolecules that I am going to describe: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid. I will also describe the functions and why they are important in our bodies. Proteins ======== Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are joined head-to-tail in a long chain that is then folded into a three-dimensional structure unique to each type of protein. The covalent linkage between two adjacent amino acids in a protein (or polypeptide) chain is called a peptide bond.
The Nature of Proteins Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and also nitrogen. Proteins are macromolecules. They are constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids; that is, they are polymers ( Compound whose molecule consists of many repeated units linked together). A typical protein contains 200-300 amino acids but some are much smaller (the smallest are often called peptides) and some much larger. Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers)
The Functions of Osmosis Osmosis is the passive transport of water through a selectively permeable membrane, a membrane that allows certain needed particles to pass through it more easily than others. Pores in this type of membrane are large enough for water to pass effortlessly through it. The flow of water during osmosis depends on the concentration of a solute either within a cell membrane or surrounding the membrane. Water naturally flows from a hypertonic solution, an area of high
and is bounded by a nuclear membrane, but since a prokaryotic cell doesn't have a nucleus and its DNA is a single, circular coiled molecule that floats freely within the cell and is not bounded by nuclear membrane nor is it complexed with any proteins. In addition to the circular DNA some bacteria also contain plasmids. Prokaryotic cells are far older and more diverse than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have probably been around for 3.5 billion years, which is about 2.5 billion years
many different proteins found in food stains. These enzymes only need a low temperature of around 50ËšC, and this means a saving of energy, as less electricity is used by the appliance but the difficult stains are still removed. In the dairy industry, enzymes are used to remove lactose from milk as some people are allergic to lactose. The enzyme lactase is added ... ... middle of paper ... ... assay) are used in hospitals to diagnose certain diseases as specific proteins are detected in
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT Thickness of gas exchange surface Protein Structure Proteins are made up of amino acids • Primary Structure • Secondary Structure • Tertiary Structure • Quaternary Structure Primary Structure – Chain of Amino Acids COOH – Carboxylic acid group NH2 – Amine Group Condensation – Loss of H20 (joining of acids) Hydrolysis – Gain of H20 (splitting of acid chain) Peptide bond formed in condensation reaction (p for protein) Each time an Amino Acid joins the chain there is
used to modify the dimensional and sequential data of the molecules. The data can be applied in various ways. Biochemists can rearrange and form amino acids to observe mutagenesis or functions of the proteins, it can also be useful to predict and understand catalytic mechanisms stimulated by proteins. VMD can be useful to a range of audience, molecular structural data obtained from VMD can be integrated with bioinformatics, which will then provide useful information to researchers of biological system
as, UBQLN2, VCP/CDC48 in the UPS and SQSTM1/p62, VAPB and some of the vesicular traffic proteins in autophagy have been suggesting a fragile capacity of proteostasis in vulnerable neurons (Bedford et al., 2008; Deng et al., 2011; Paine et al., 2013; Johnson et al., 2010). Recent genetic and biochemical study revealed that mutations in a unique PXX repeat region of UBQLN2 which is one of ubiquitin like protein family are causative in ALS. The different mutations of UBQLN2 are present in the typical
Purification and Estimation of proteins etc. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab have helped me attain various bioinformatics skills like Analysis of protein structure and Comparative genomics & proteomics. To pursue my interest in Developmental Biology and Cell Biology, I interned at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai under Dr. Maithreyi Narasimha in summer'2012. During this internship the objective was to find out how Cappuccino protein affects the morphology of ...
compartments, allowing only certain molecules to pass. Embedded within this bilayer are proteins which have carry out specific functions. Integral proteins act as pathways for ion and molecules. Peripheral proteins act as cell to cell recognition sites. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters allow nutrients such as sugars and amino acid to enter the cell. Carbohydrates attach to the external surface of integral proteins holds cells together as well as acting as a site where viruses or chemical messengers
Cytosolic β-Glucosidase (hCBG) is a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme that hydrolyses certain flavonoid glucosides. This type of enzymes play a role in the metabolic detoxification, with a series of enzymatic reactions that neutralize and solubilize toxins, and then transport them to secretory organs. Flavonoid glusocides is a family of molecules in which a sugar is bound to another functional group by a glycosidic bond, and play numerous roles in living organisms, mainly in plants. Since the hCBG
The well-known “penicillin of cancer drugs” is probably an appropriate nickname of cisplatin due to its world widely use as the first and one of the most effective treatment for numerous cancer diagnoses. One important thing that must be point out is that cisplatin is a very simple inorganic molecule comparing to other cancer drugs which generally are complex organic molecules. In order to design and develop new related cancer drugs, cisplatin has been used as a gold model by many scientists. General
its surroundings. Plants go through a number of processes in order to grow. Many types of synthetic and metabolic activities by plants result into the production of variety of organic compounds. Few types of the compounds such as, carbohydrates and proteins are essential to all kinds of plant and these are elaborated by all species of autotrophic plants. Some other types of organic compounds are many few specific plants but not all types. It is moderately easy to categorize all of the organic compounds
proximal hairpin loop requires the recruitment of proteins such at TAT and P-TEFb. Currently supporting, but oversimplified, models tell us that Tat bind to the hairpin loop created by the Tar sequence of the HIV LTR, which then recruits P-TEFb. Through the use of CDK9, p-TEFb then phosphorylates Ser2 of the CTD, and allow for elongation. Nevertheless, it has been found that another protein called TCERG1 is involved in Ser 2 phosphorylation. This protein, originally called CA150 (2), has been characterized
Biomolecules are very huge molecules of many atoms, that are covalently bound together. Explanation All forms of life are composed only of biomolecules. For example, humans have skin and hair. The main part of hair is keratin , an agglomeration of proteins which are themselves polymersbuilt from amino acids. Characteristics of Biomolecules: Organic compounds and they have particular shapes and proportions. Chemical properties are determined by functional group and mostly asymmetric. They are composed