penetration of the mucous membrane in the human colon. Humans are the only known reservoir to this pathogen (7). Following invasion of M cells and upon contact with the epithelial cells of the colon, S. flexneri releases Ipa proteins through a type three secretion system. Once inside the host cell, Ipa proteins activate small GTPases in the Rho family as well as c-src, a protooncogene, leading to cytoskeletal rearrangements. This alteration to the cytoskeleton allows the bacteria to be macropinocytosed
pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent
Communication in Mammals Chemical Communication in Mammals In mammals they use a few types of communication and one of them is called Chemical Communication also known as Pheromones. These chemical messengers square measure transported outside of the body and have an effect on neurocircuits, as well as the autonomous system with secretion or protein mediate physiological changes, inflammatory sign, system modifications and/or behavioral change within the recipient. There are physical limits on
The pancreas is one of the essential organs in the human body and belongs in the Digestive system. Out of all the internal organs, the pancreas is unique because the pancreas plays a role in both the endocrine gland and the exocrine gland. This means that the pancreas is a dual function gland in which is the reason why the pancreas is such a vital part of the digestive system. This research paper will talk about the anatomy, physiology, and the important functions the pancreas play to maintain homeostasis
fat, produce blood cells and repair damage. Cell Types There are three major cell types of connective tissue: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Masts. Fibroblasts are the most common type. They are large and star-shaped, and they are fixed in position. The function of fibroblasts is to produce fibers. Macrophages are phagocytic cells (they eat other cells), and they are wandering. Their purpose is to defend the body and help the immune system. Masts are fixed (like fibroblasts) and their function
The Integumentary system contains the hair, the skin, nerves, nails and glands. There are four types of glands of the Integumentary system. 1.) Sudoriferous glands. 2.) Cerminous glands. 3.) Sebaceous glands. 4.) Mammary glands What are the functions? The Integumentary system protects the body from infections and regulates temperature. It also, protects your body living organs. The integumentary system helps to get rid of waste and sensation plays a big role in this system. It plays as your touch
Integumentary system? The Integumentary system contains the hair, the skin, nerves, nails and glands. There are four types of glands of the Integumentary system. 1.) Sudoriferous glands. 2.) Cerminous glands. 3.) Sebaceous glands. 4.) Mammary glands What are the functions? The Integumentary system protects the body from infections and regulates temperature. It also, protects your body living organs. The integumentary system helps to get rid of waste and sensation plays a big role in this system. It plays
in the endocrine system. We will then look at how the hypothalamus is able to carry out this role, which means focusing on the hormones it release. The following hormones will be observed: Thyrotrophic-releasing hormone, Growth hormone-releasing hormone, Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Knowing the overall role each of these hormones will make more sense of the functions of the hypothalamus. Endocrine systems The main role of the endocrine system works in conjunction
These contractions are believed to be caused or triggered by high concentrations of the hormone Ghrelin. Ghrelin is a peptide, which is produced by ghrelin cells in the gastrointestinal tract. It acts as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system, which is a small protein – like molecule, used by neurons to communicate with each other. Additionally, they influence the activity of the brain in specific ways, such as recognising rewards, metabolism, reproduction and social behaviours. Other
of nutrients that food contains from the organism and on the final stage the conversion of food into feces and urine in order to be expelled from the organism. There are two different types of digestion systems in mammals. The monogastric digestive system (mono=one, gastric=stomach) and the polygastric digestive system (poly=many, gastric=stomach). Pigs and humans are examples of monogastric organism. The...
The immune system is a fascinating structure it defends the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and parasites. There are two primary forms that make up the immune system they are, innate and adaptive systems. Both the innate and adaptive system plays a large role in the immune system. The innate is the primary system to defend against foreign materials and the adaptive is the secondary system that responds to specific issues. The difference between the innate and the adaptive
The integumentary system is an organ system that is often overlooked when compared to other major organ systems. The importance of the integumentary system and its role in thermoregulation and its first line protection for the body is of utmost importance. The integumentary system includes the following organs: skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. Skin is a very large organ, and is the most important organ of the integumentary system. The surface area of skin is about 20 square feet, and weighs
the body either fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The cliché for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is responsible
colonize and infect the host cells. A number of such virulence factors include the autotransporters [3, 6]. Autotransporters which are secreted via type ⋁ secretion system, currently represent the largest protein family in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It has three main subtypes; classical autotransporter system (type ⋁a or AT-1), the two – partner secretion
that causes a distinct odor in the breath. If there is enough acetone in the urine which can be detected with a Ketostix, this detection in the urine is called “ketosis.” Another metabolic condition is Ketoacidosis which can develop in people with Type 1 diabetes which may be confused with normal ketosis. (lowcarbdiet.about.com) What happens during protein catabolism? How is this related to nitrogen balance? . The body can synthase 100,000 to 140,000 different proteins with various forms functions
The endocrine system is composed by a group of glands that secrete hormones for the secretion of a specific organ and the result of this cycle will contribute to of physiological and behavioral activities. The circulatory system makes a connection with the hormones secreted because it helps them to travel around the human body in a very short time. The endocrine glands that secrete the hormones that target specific hormones consist of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas,
The endocrine system is a collaboration of all the glands in the human body and all the hormones produced by those glands1. The glands are controlled by the stimulation of the human nervous system including the chemical receptors in the blood and the hormones produced by other glands. By regulating and controlling the hormone levels in the body the endocrine system controls homeostasis in the body1. The gland system can be divided into two types. Exocrine glands release secretions outside of the
stressors we are exposed to (be it work pressure, loud noises or traffic) the more stressed we will feel. Depending on the type of stress we are experiencing, our bodies will respond in various different ways and activate the “fight or flight” reflex. This reflex is a result of our body’s sympathetic nervous system. [1] PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM BEHIND STRESS [2] There are three phases to the stress response. The first being the “Alarm phase”, which is your acute response to stress (when you get a fright
is one of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract which can be linked to various aches and pains. Many causes of stomach aches can be easily diagnosed, and do not pose long term threats or problems (Melinda Ratini, 2013). Stomach aches stem from three main causes - emotions, viruses or bacteria. Background The stomach is a muscular pouch located beneath the diaphragm, with the principal function of storing food before it is released into the small intestine (Thompson, 2013). Along with food storage
respective tissue layer. The epidermis and dermis are tissue layers that make up the skin (integument) covering the body. The layers (strata) of the epidermis range from four to five, depending on where they are on the body; and are classified into two types of skin: thin skin and thick skin. Most of the body is covered in thin skin, which has four layers. Areas of the body that are heavily exposed to stress and pressure (palm of hand and sole of feet) are covered in five layered thick skin. Thin skin