necessary. It leads to organ damages due to blocked blood vessels; furthermore, it leads to life-threatening bleeding due to wasting clotting factors and platelets when they are needed. According to Marieb and Hoehn, to do the blood clot, the enzyme, thrombin, and clotting factors are required. The clotting factors are represented with Roman numerals. There are thirteen different types of clotting factors. There are two ways to initiate the blood clot; the extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway. With
Certificate in Minor Oral Surgery Cohort 3 2014-15 Formative Assignment 1 Anticoagulant therapy is a relatively common long term treatment in UK medicine. Outline what medical conditions might indicate its use. Outline the different types of agents which have and are used and how they affect the physiology of the blood clotting mechanism. Using an evidence base how should patients in this category be managed in primary and secondary care when undergoing different oral surgical procedures.
vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation at the site of injury and secondary haemostasis being the formation of a clot. In more detail, it starts off with binding of tissue factor VIIa which initiates the coagulation cascade and formation of factor X (thrombin) and eventually fibrin. Platelets
process starts off when an agonist involved is bound to receptors specific to it, expressed on the endothelial cell surface, activating enzymes like phospholipase C (PLC) directly through vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) or by thrombin or histamine through G protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Once binding has occurred, a cascade of signalling reactions will initiate, with Rho guanosine-5'-triphosphate (Rho GTPases) such as rho-asso... ... middle of paper ... ...n of the valves
Damaged tissue (inflammation) Inflammation is the body’s response to injury. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the body to attempt to remove harm and to initiate the healing process. Inflammation occurs with a few minutes of the incident up to a few hours after depending on the severity of the injury. There are 5 key characteristics of inflammation these are: • Pain • Redness • Swelling • Heat • Immobility (loss of use) Injury causes Tissue damage.
Does Hypothermia Affect Blood Coagulation Enzyme Activity? Blood coagulation: Blood coagulation is a cascade of events that help heal a cut or damaged tissue; it is part of a host defense mechanism termed hemostasis [1] When a vessel, or damaged tissue is affected, macromolecules called platelets are introduced (Sticky molecules that assist to clot a cut to allow blood to once again pass) – With fibrin and plasma to help heal. Of course, there needs to be no abnormalities, such as temperature.
superficial abrasion generates platelet activation and aggregation. Clotting factors on the platelet membrane carry out reaction which release prothrombin activator, this activator then converts prothrombin to enzyme thrombin. The transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin is then catalysed by thrombin. During proteolysis (the breaks down of protein), fibrinogen is converted to fibrin strands which stabilize the final blood clot. Complete occlusion of coronary artery by thrombus disrupts blood flow and causes
2004). Protein C is a soluble and vitamin K dependent (Toussaint and Gerlach, 2009) molecule that are produced in our body which aids in the prevention of blood clotting. These proteins are initially in an inactive form, and are being activated when thrombin binds to thrombomodulin (Tazbir, 2004). Protein C are able to act as an anticoagulant which inhibit clotting factors Va and VIIIa when it work together with its cofactor protein S (Yamakawa et al, 2011). It is understood that inflammation is brought
When liquid blood comes into contact with certain molecules the formation of an enzyme called Prothrombinase is stimulated. 2) Prothrombinase converts prothrombin (a plasma protein which is created within the liver) into another enzyme called Thrombin. 3) Thrombin converts Fibrinogen is converted into Fibrin which forms the scaffolding-like structures that forms a clot and eventually a
to activation of factor X and fibrin production. Extrinsic Pathway In septic patients, increased levels of PAI-1 inhibit plasminogen activator (t-PA), which converts plasminogen to plasmin. Release of fibrin inhibits fibrinolysis by activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). In addition, the release of PAF causes platelet aggregation. This combination of inhibition of fibrinolysis, fibrin strand production and platelet aggregation contribute to a state of coagulopathy. This
Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States. It is responsible for one in four deaths every year, about 600,000 mortalities. This disease affects men and women, as well as every ethnic group. Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, representing approximately 400,000 deaths per year of the aforementioned 600,000 total deaths from cardiovascular diseases as a whole. In 2010 alone, coronary artery disease cost the United States $108
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition leading to destruction of connective tissues and migration of the gingival attachment to create a pocket (1). Periodontal disease begins with bacterial growth in the mouth which leads to tooth loss if it is not treated properly. In the early stage of this disease bacteria grow in plaque, causing a swelling or inflammation in gums that can damage the tissues which surround the teeth. These changes are induced by the diffusion of bacterial products through
I can see a crack of light coming from under the bathroom door. I keep hearing a strange sound, almost like a hurt puppy. As I walk closer, I see a dark puddle on the floor. Suddenly, I am very afraid. I slowly open the door. “Mommy, Mommy, are you ok?” My mother looked at me and cried, “Dial 911, Darling! Hurry, Honey, Hurry!” There is so much blood—on the floor, on her clothes, and on her hands. I can hear the sirens now. Mommy goes for a ride in the ambulance. My three day old baby brother and
INTRODUCTIONS Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulated around the body. Blood is primarily used to transport medium for the maintenance of homeostasis (Mader, 2010). Blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes, metabolic substrates and hormones between organs and tissues. Blood also involves in defending against the pathogens and infections, and blood loss. Blood helps to regulate the body heat, maintain its own water-salt balance, and provides a buffer for acid-base
C and S and hence reduces synthesis of active clotting factors.4 Dabigatran is a direct reversible thrombin inhibitor that has been approved for treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) based on results of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) study, but its use for other indications remains untested. It works by inhibiting both free and clot-bound thrombin, which enables the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Dabigatran is eliminated primarily by the
at the place where the injury occurs to stop excessive bleeding due to possible wounds in the area and potentially causing death. Clotting takes place naturally and it relies on many chemical reactions occurring in the body so a substance called thrombin can be produced. However blood clots can also form abnormally and this is not common in a healthy person. When blood clots, without the need of it to then this can cause a heart attack or a stroke. Most heart attacks occur due to the formation of
1) Are Leah’s symptoms and the autopsy findings consistent with shaken baby syndrome? Explain your answer. ANS: Leah, a 4 month old was found to suffer from brain hemorrhage. She was claimed to be fussy and vomited for three days straight. She also suffered from Subdural Hematoma as well as brain swelling. According to her autopsy report, there were multiple hemorrhages in Leah’s brain and right eye. All these symptoms as well as the autopsy report are consistent with Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)
Traumatic Brain Injury: What happens to the blood-brain barrier? Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide for which there is no cure. Many patients who survive from TBI may experience permanent cognitive loss, behavioral issues, and emotional disturbances, which require daily medical or social attentions.[1, 2] It is believed that over 2% US population is experiencing TBI-associated disabilities which create an annual burden evaluated at $60 billion
Coagulation screen performed on the Sysmex CS-2100i using citrated human plasma include: Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thrombin Time (APTT) and the quantitative determination of Fibrinogen. For the purpose of this case study, I have audited the coagulation sample for adult and paediatric analysis. The Survey distribution number was 126 two samples were audited: The first
Anatomy & Physiology of the case scenario Having described the scenario, this essay will now focus on the anatomy and physiology during Laura’s third stage. After the delivery of her baby, Laura’s uterus continued to contract and retract due to the effect of oxytocin on the myometrium. Herman (2000) and Herman et al. (2002) describe the placental separation in three stages; latent, contraction/detachment and expulsion. During the latent phase Laura’s myometrium begun to contract and retract. During