Tamoxifen Undergoes Optimization Abstract Computer programs like GaussView and Gaussian 03W are some of the advanced tools that can be used by scientists to design and optimize new designed drug. Using the exact same tools as scientists today, I am going to take a known drug, Tamoxifen, and create few analogs similar to its structure. Before I can create some analogs in GaussView, I am going to study and examine the structure of Tamoxifen to understand the chemistry that involves in this
Since the early 1970s, the ER antagonist, tamoxifen has been used to inhibit or suppress tumour growth (20). The selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) works by preventing the binding of oestrogen to oestrogen receptors located in the breast tissue (20). In order to exhibit its antagonistic effects, it undergoes metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes and converted into its active and inactive metabolites (Figure 4) (20). The active metabolites of tamoxifen are N-desmethyltamoxifen, which can be
Breast Cancer Breast Cancer is a type of cancer originating from breast tissue, most common from the inner lining of milk ducts. The most common type of breast cancer is called Ductal Carcinoma. Another type of breast cancer is Lobular Carcinoma, which begins in the lobules of the breast. Breast Cancer can occur in all men and women, sometimes male breast cancer is rare to happen. Breast Cancer can be two types it can be invasive or non-invasive. Invasive means that it has spread from the milk duct
regardless of breast size, should commit to routine screenings and checkups. 9. Since my menstrual periods have not begun again and I am taking tamoxifen, I cannot get pregnant. Even if your periods have not returned or they are irregular, tamoxifen does not protect you from getting pregnant. Tamoxifen has the potential to harm the fetus so while taking tamoxifen, non-hormonal form of birth control should be practiced. 10. If you have a family history of breast cancer, you are likely to develop breast
about ER beta, it is believed that its function is distinct from ER alpha and it probably has opposing activity on tumour growth [2]. Tamoxifen is the drug regularly prescribed for the treatment of breast cancer. The anticancer property of Tamoxifen has been attributed to its anti estrogenic properties. The use of Tamoxifen is limited due to the acquired Tamoxifen resistance in many cancer patients [3]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs which have anti inflammatory action
joint pain, had all resided from the weight loss, and it was hard to see any evidence of remaining manifestation. Our client shared her strict exercise and diet regimen with us -- mandated by the cancer preventative clinic that was administering her Tamoxifen. This included jogging four times a week and a diet free of added sugar and heavy with vegetables. Despite her incredible progress and ambitious goals, G.T. was seemingly unhappy with her current weight. While “body image” is typically classified
Introduction Breast Cancer is on the forefront of modern tumor research and scientists are continually seeking new ways to treat and prevent cancer progression. Current treatments using hormone-dependent drugs like Tamoxifen and Raloxifene focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. The estrogen receptor is heavily targeted in breast cancer treatment because it is easy to inhibit has strong affinity for binding to many molecules mimicking the estrogen hormone - inducing
We live in a world where being medicated has become a societal norm. Modern health care practices have set the stage for the proliferation of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs by pharmaceutical manufacturers. Some of these practices include the emergence of managed care organizations (MCOs), the legalization of DTCA of prescription drugs, the emergence of the Internet as an alternative promotional channel, the increased desire by patients to become more involved in their
or typical healthy volunteers. There is a growing interest and investment in research on cancer chemoprevention. Several major cancer chemoprevention trials have been conducted in the United States, including trials testing the effectiveness of tamoxifen, both alone and later compared to raloxitene, to prevent primary invasive breast cancer; finasteride to prevent prostate cancer; and beta-carotene to prevent lung cancer. While both cancer treatment and chemoprevention trials involve agents that
‘together’ 8. Tamoxifen and doxepin are some examples of pharmaceutical compounds where the geometry of the atoms or groups around its carbon-carbon double bond impact its pharmacological activity. Tamoxifen is an estrogen antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer 9. The activities of its isomers are completely opposite to each other. The (Z)- isomer of Tamoxifen acts as an estrogen antagonist (binds to the receptor without activating it), while the (E)- isomer of Tamoxifen acts as an estrogen
preventions and if they do not have much affect, then rely on prophylactic surgery as a final option. If one of my family members found out that she had an increased risk of breast cancer, then I would recommend for her to try the anticancer drug tamoxifen first to see how much it reduces her risk. If there were not much of a decrease, then I would recommend prophylactic mastectomy because it gradually reduces the risk of developing cancer. The National Cancer Institute states that prophylactic mastectomy
XRD analysis was carried out for the pure drug, physical mixture of drug with each of the lipids (L2 and L3) and the two lyophilized batches (AL and BL). Drug peak has disappeared in XRD of Nanoparticle 3 which probably may be due to conversion of Tamoxifen citrate from crystalline state to amorphous state or dissolution during the heating involved in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticle or may be another phenomenon is drug may be present in polymeric amorphous phase. (Fig
I know that cancer is a deadly disease and you would want to do all you can to prevent it from happening, especially to your two daughters. There is a variety of genetic testing that you can use to your advantage to check for breast cancer, which I would not blame you for using. However, before you go off and have your daughters tested for cancer, please note that these tests may be unnecessary and there is a possibility that you are wasting money. I will tell you about what I have learned from biology
Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen drug that is used as a hormone therapy for breast cancer. When levels of estrogen are too high this can cause the start of cancer or help it metastasize. Hormone therapy in general is used before surgery, after surgery or for individuals
Breast Cancer What would you do if you found out you had breast cancer? Who would you tell first? How would you deal with it? The diagnosis of breast cancer is becoming more common today; we need to know what the symptoms are, and how to help prevent it. Breast cancer is the leading reason of death in women in the United States; it has increased greatly over the last 30 years. Many people wonder why it has increased so much in the last few years, and there are many reasons that it has. Breast cancer
Abstract: Systems biology is the new branch of biology which is developed recently as a result of the Human Genome Project. It helps in decoding the various systems in biology by studying different genes, proteins and pathways and ultimately making their computerized models to learn how they react differently to different drugs. So, by studying systems we can design medicines for individuals according to their susceptibility rate and response time to different drugs. In near future, personalized
Animal testing has been used for developing and researching cures for medical conditions. For example, the polio vaccine, chemotherapy for cancer, insulin treatment for diabetes, organ transplants and blood transfusions are just some of the important advances that have come from research on animals (“Animal Testing”). Consuming animals for research benefits in developing various treatments and also benefits in discovery better methods for cures. According to the article “Animal Testing”, it says
(Martini, F., 2004). Studies on rats have shown considerable evidence that rat oestrogens are mammary carcinogens. Oestrogens have shown to stimulate the hormone prolactin. Through studies involving the use of antioestrogens, for example, tamoxifen, "Tamoxifen alone or in combination with the retina all trans-N-(4 hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4-HPR) reduces the incidence of NMU-induced mammary tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats." (Jane M. Ussher Ph.D. 1996). This suggests that Oestrogens and Prolactin's
natural world. Researchers in laboratories estimate that 25 percent of the drugs in use have actual ingredients either derived from or chemically similar to those in plants. Some of the drugs that have their roots in nature are the cancer drug tamoxifen, the heart drug digitalis, and painkillers morphine and aspirin. The powers of observation and the passing on of
Cancer is a word that many people hear of and may know friends and family who is affected by cancer. But what may not be known is what exactly cancer is. I was in that same boat. I didn’t have an idea what cancer was before I learnt about in biology class. From what I know now, cancer is caused when cells don’t possess or don’t respond to their cell cycle regulators. That causes the cell to divide uncontrollably and form a mass of cells called a tumor. Tumors can be dangerous. They are aggressive