flexible. These surfactants represent a new class of surfactants that is finding its way into surfactant-based formulations. Dimeric surfactants represent a new class of surfactants. They are made up of two amphiphilic moieties connected at the level of the head groups or very close to the head groups by a spacer group. 4-octylphenol polyethoxylate (Triton X (n = 9-10) Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C Hydrophobic group Figure 2.1: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of some surfactant molecules. 10
Suppositories are the frequently used dosage forms prescribed through rectal route. However, suppositories have the limitation of prolonged onset of action which can be attributed to poor drug release properties of suppository base. Surfactants can increase the drug release to aid absorption by reducing the interfacial tension between rectal fluids and the suppository base. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate and tween 80 on
Surfactant Replacement in Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome Type The innovation of surfactant replacement therapy in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome has proven to increase the survival and minimize the complications of the premature neonate. Replacing surfactant has lessened time on ventilators, and allowing the neonate and parents an opportunity to grow together earlier outside of intensive care. This paper will discuss the etiology of respiratory distress syndrome
The main ingredient in cleaning agents are chemicals called surfactants. It is made from the words surface active agents. Surfactants have a nonpolar end and a polar end, otherwise known as the hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end respectively. The hydrophobic end bonds with oily particles while the hydrophilic end bonds with water particles. When water and detergent are mixed together, they cluster and form molecules called micelles. (Reckitt Benckiser, 2012) When the micelles encounter oil particles
Whether soil particles are attached to carpet fibers, wood floors or restroom sinks, they need to be removed. But how is this done? Most of us wipe or scrub a dirty surface with soap and water without a second thought about how they actually work to remove soil. The process of removing dirt begins at the molecular level. In order to understand how soap works, we must first acknowledge what soap actually does. By definition, soap is a mixture of sodium or potassium salts and long chain organic acids
the foam with a boost thus making the cleaning solution more effective. Aside from being a foam booster, Cocamidopropyl Betaine fulfills many more purposes. It can be used as an anti-static agent, hair conditioning agent, skin-conditioning agent, surfactant - cleansing agent, and viscosity increasing agent (source: Environmental Working Group). In one molecule of Cocamidopropyl Betaine there can be found “both anionic and cationic structures” ( heraproject.com, 2005, p.5). At a low pH, the cation
Antibacterial Soap Dial antibacterial soap advertises that it is "over 10x more effective at killing disease-causing germs than ordinary liquid hand soaps"(1). To the average consumer a soap with the ability to kill more germs seems to be more effective. But is a more powerful antibacterial soap always better? Various studies suggest that antibacterial soaps can be harmful and may lead to problems like super bugs, dry skin, and hand eczema. According to current research antibacterial soaps are
With the overwhelming amount of facial cleansing products available it can be hard for the consumer to choose the most beneficial facial cleanser for their skin type. This paper will discuss three different types of facial cleansers. The first facial cleanser is Ocusoft Foaming Lid Scrub that is a non-irritating eyelid cleanser. The second facial cleanser is Clearskin professional Deep Pore Cleansing Scrub made by Avon that is formulated to fight all phases of the acne cycle. The third facial
Introduction History Of Soap Industry In the British era the Lever Brothers, England introduced modern soaps by importing and marketing them in the united kingdom. The first company made was North West Cleansing soap Company, the soap industry in India situated is at Meerut, in the point out of Uttar Pradesh. With 1897, they started advertising and marketing cold process soaps. With 1918, Mr. Jamshedji Tata create India's first soap manufacturing unit when he purchased your Coconut Oil Mills in Cochin
2.1 Surfactant and biosurfactant The amphiphilic molecules which is known as surfactants have been used widely in different industries including petroleum, environmental, food, agricultural, bioprocessing, cosmetic, and biological industries. Surfactants contain a hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part which make them capable to reduce surface and interfacial tension of liquids. However, these compounds are chemically synthesized which is mainly petroleum-based and toxic to the environment. These
during a dive, limits the absorption of nitrogen and decreases the probability of decompression sickness in these organisms. The lack of gas exchange during a dive reduces the amount of nitrogen the blood absorbs (McDonald and Ponganis, 2012). Surfactants are also produced in the lungs to keep them from adhering together and allows the organism to refill its lungs at the surface (Miller et al., 2004). Decompression sickness is unusual in diving mammals, but may occur under specific circumstances
alveoli. Therefore, high concentrations of oxygen are a modifiable risk factor atelectasis because it can be avoided. Kelkar (2015) identifies chronic alcohol abuse as a risk factor for atelectasis because it is related to a reduction in the amount of surfactant within the alveoli. Lifestyle factors can be altered, therefore, chronic alcohol abuse is a modifiable risk factor for atelectasis. Pain, narcotics given for pain, anesthesia, and immobility increase the risk of atelectasis as well (Porth, 2015)
increasing the risk of respiratory distress for the neonates because they develop breathing disorders (Mayo Clinic, 2011). These premature babies are not able to secrete enough surfactant essential for breathing making it difficult for the babies to breathe properly (Thoracic Society). Since premature babies don't secrete enough surfactant, a substance that is necessary for the alveoli to overcome surface tension, this causes the alveoli to collapse at each breath making it difficult for gas exchange to happen
depending on how the shampoo is made. Understanding the surfactant explicitly, the detergent (surfactant) molecules contain two parts that allow it to remove pollutants from the hair: the polar head hydrophilic group and the lipophilic fatty chain. The hydrophilic part is attracted to the water (is water soluble) and the lipophilic part is attracted to the pollutant. (Hirsch, 2015) Gradually, during the hair washing process, the surfactant lifts away the pollutant and gets taken away from the hair
chemical mixture of surfactants and solvents that helps break up oil into small droplets following an oil spill. Because dispersants help to degrade oil and make it to sink into the water rather than removing it from water, they are so controversial. Consequently, the uses of dispersant are limited to spill that occurred at least five kilometers from the shoreline and in water at least 10 meters deep. The use of dispersants involve
August 1990 to work on lung surfactant protein gene regulation. I was promoted to Associate and Full Professor ranks in 1995 and 2004, respectively. Briefly, I obtained my Ph. D. in Biochemistry from the University of Stockholm, Sweden, working under the mentorship of Dr. Bengt Mannervik, a world leader in the field of enzymes that metabolize glutathione. After obtaining my Ph. D., I conducted postdoctoral research, first on cytochrome P-450 gene regulation and then on surfactant protein gene regulation
oil and water, this element is called a surfactant. A surfactant must have two parts, one that binds water and another that binds oil. Water, an oil-based component, and a surfactant must undergo a process that thoroughly mixes them together. To be sure that the final product is water-based, we must add more water than the oil component, so that mixing them will produce an aqueous phase with little amounts of oil dispersed throughout. Choosing which surfactant to use, affects the ratio of water to
However, low HLB surfactants may also be an important component of oral lipid-based formulation by behaving as a coupling agent for the high HLB surfactants and the lipophilic solvent components, as well as contributing to solubilization by remaining associated with the lipophilic solvent post-dispersion. Moreover, using a blend of high and low HLB surfactants may also lead to more rapid dispersion and finer emulsion droplet size upon addition
Many people are confused about the differences between soaps and detergents. Soaps and detergents both are surfactants. Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and solid. Soaps and detergents both are able to wash compounds that mix with grease and water. However, there are significant differences between soaps and detergents. Soaps are produced from a natural product, like plants and animals. Detergents are produced by mixtures of chemical
2.1.2 Limitations of lime essential oil Lime essential oil (EO) is widely used in large industrial application for its energizing, fresh and cheerful aroma due to its functional compounds (Burt, 2004). Due to their aromatic properties and antimicrobial activities, they are of great interest as food additives for pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries (Simas et al., 2017). However, despite the potential applications of lime essential oil as functional components in foods and beverages, the