recorded by the sensory audio reader (sensor), the Short Time Fourier Transform and wavelet transform is applied to it. And the programs were developed in MATLAB. Short time Fourier transform (STFT) is a Fourier related transform which is used to determine the sinusoidal frequency and phase content of the signal which changes over time. The STFT method is used to analyze the non-stationary signal i.e., it has the property that changes with time. Through a moving window process the longer length signal
Contents Introduction 3 Fourier Series, Continuous Transform and Discreet Transform 3 it should be noted that the coefficients in the equations above are given as follows. 3 Application of DFT in power system relaying 7 10 Conclusion 10 References 10 Introduction The use of digital computers for power system relaying has been proposed long time ago in [1]. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was one of the first algorithms that have been proposed to be used in digital relaying. DFT has
1.4.1. Image Digitization An image captured by a sensor is expressed as a continuous function f(x,y) of two co-ordinates in the plane. In Image digitization the function f(x,y) is sampled into a matrix with n columns and m rows. An integer value is assigns to each continuous sample in the image quantization. The continuous range of the image function f(x,y) is split into k intervals. When finer the sampling (i.e. the larger m and n) and quantization (the larger k) the better the approximation of
Abstract: Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) is a modified form of Discrete Cosine Transform which ensures 50% overlapping of the segments. It is most widely used in audio coding, audio compression and audio signal analysis based applications. MDCT is a real transform and it does not contain any phase information. MDCT eliminates aliasing that occurs in time domain due to the overlapping of the segments. It is used in most of the audio coders for time domain to frequency domain transformation
The Michelson interferometer is a device that can divide a beam of radiation into two paths and then recombine the two beams after a path difference has been introduced. A condition is thereby created under which interference between the beams can occur. The variation of intensity of the beam emerging from the interferometer is measured as a function of path difference by a detector. The Michelson interferometer consists of two mutually perpendicular plane mirrors, one of which can move along an
information about the molecular structure of the compound is revealed. Classification of IR bands are generally as strong, medium or weak. Strong bands are usually long and covers most of the y-axis. A medium band is of intermediate height. A weak band is short and covers a small portion of the y-axis. This classification of IR bands depends on the relative strength of bond polarity. Strongly polar bonds produce strong bands, medium polarity bonds produce medium bands and weakly polar bond and symmetric bonds
cluttering, dysarthria, apraxia of speech, etc. [1], [2]. Stuttering can be identified in people from their childhood and it can last till the end in some cases. It affects the fluency of the language. Most people produce brief disfluencies from time to time. For instance, some words are repeated and others are preceded by "um" or "uh." Disfluencies are not necessarily a problem; however, they can impede communication when a person produces too many of them. There are various types of stuttering which
Production The complete process of coal tar production is shown in Figure 1. The coal tar is produced by carbonization of coal. In this process, the coal is heated at 900-1100 ºC and the evolved vapors are condensed to form liquid, from which ammonia is removed to obtain a black viscous crude coal tar. The composition of tar so obtained depends upon the origin and composition of starting material used viz. bituminous (soft) coal, anthracite (hard) (Arnold 1997, Thami 2002). Crude coal tar can be
surface of the film was modified by Oxygen plasma treatment. The PP film was treated in various intervals of time of 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 240 s and 300 s with three various RF power settings of 7.2 W, 10.2 W, 29.6 W. The contact angle was measured to characterize the wettability. The oxygen functional groups were generated on the surface of oxygen modified PP which was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and it was resulted in the improvement of wettability. The surface morphology and roughness
images for searching, indexing and retrieval with either supervised or unsupervised learning models. The color feature extraction process consists of two parts: grid based representative of color selection [B.S.Manjunath, 2001] and discrete cosine transform with quantization. Color feature extraction is a very compact and resolution invariant representation of high speed image retrieval systems and it has been designed to efficiently represent the
Last weekend, while attending Lexington, KY’s Southland Christian Church, I received an invitation to attend a “Poor Man’s After-Tax Dinner.” Located on a 115-acre plot that occupies a stretch of the rapidly disappearing farmland between Lexington and Jessamine County, Southland will host the gala, which includes a catered meal and a performance by the Dale Adams Band. On the church’s website, an announcement for the event asks, “Did you have to pay when you filed taxes? This month’s Gathering
CHAPTER 1 PROBLEM DEFINITION Image compression is the art and science of reducing the amount of data required to represent an image. The purpose for image compression is to reduce the amount of data required for representing sampled digital images and therefore reduce the cost for storage and transmission. Image compression plays a key role in many important applications, including image database, image communications, remote sensing. LZW compression, one of the lossless image compression methods