Shigella flexneri Shigella flexneri, a facultative anaerobe belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a Gram-negative rod that is the causative agent of diarrhea and dysentery in humans. Potentially life-threatening, S. flexneri's effects include bacteremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and toxic megacolon (4). The principle disease of diarrhea and dysentery caused by this pathogen is known as shigellosis. 10-100 organisms are sufficient to cause disease, and transmission is generally
bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below. Table 1.1: TEST PURPOSE
causes illness and death of millions in the third world and in particularly children as mentioned . In this report will refer to the most common types of bacteria cause gastrointestinal tract infection for example , Shigella , Salmonella , Vibrio and Campylobacter (3) . First of all , Shigella is gram negative , nonmotile , non lactose fermenting and H2S production . There are four important species , S. sonnei , S. flexneri , S. boydii and S. dysenteriae is the most serious . Next is Salmonella which
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally; that means the air, water, minerals, organisms, and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time P. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth and it is full of natural resources that are necessary for us to live (Johnson et al., 1997). The environment matters because Earth is the only home that humans have, and it provides air, water, foods, and other
Dennis, 2008 and Jay, 2005), Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species (Daniel, 1998), Pseudomonas sp, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens (Ercolini et al., 2009). Various meat products have been associated with outbreaks caused by Salmonella, Shigella and E. coli (Cruickshank et al.,
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family of organisms. It is a non-spore forming, facultative anaerobic, gram negative rod capable of growing on a variety of media and, similar to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, contains the enterobacterial common antigen. Most E. coli are part of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract, however some strains are pathogenic and capable of causing clinical disease. Epidemiologic classification of E. coli is
slaughter. Seafood may become contaminated during harvest or through processing. One in 20,000 eggs may be contaminated with Salmonella inside the egg shell. Produce such as lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts, and melons can become contaminated with Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. Contamination can occur during growing, harvesting, processing, storing, shipping, or final preparation. Sources of contamination are varied; however, these items are grown in the soil and therefore may become
4 retail samples of alfalfa sprouts from different producers in various regions of the United States found that most bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae, a large family of gram negative bacteria, including Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Shigella as well as Listeria (a gram positive bacterium) (1). Understanding the bacteria in alfalfa sprouts and other fresh produce such as salad is important as they are typically eaten raw and therefore entire bacteria communities that are introduced in
1.1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDS) are a disease of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the recent past threatens to increase in the near future. Over 30 new infectious agents have been detected worldwide in the last three decades; 60% of these are of zoonotic origin, and more than 2-3rds of these have originated in the wildlife (Dikid et al., 2013). The inevitable, but unpredictable, appearance of new infectious diseases has been recognized
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), miltilocutus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MVLA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Pathogenic E. coli can also be categorized phlyogenetically to 5 core groups, defined as A, B1, B2, D, and E, with Shigella toxin forming in different groups. Commensal E. coli that inhabits the normal flora of the lower intestine is grouped in phylogroup A. Based on the variety of colonization and virulence factors linked with each pathotype, there is no a single method
If the oxidase test was to be negative then the bacteria would have to be S. flexnery. S. flexneri is a bacterium that causes diarrheal disease, and it’s a “facultative anaerobe belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae” (“Shigella flexneri”, n.d). However, if the oxidase test came as positive then the bacteria would have to either P. aeruginosa or A. faecalis (“Microbiology 20 Biochemical Unknown, 2009). Then an indole test will have to be done. An indole test is to identify
antibiotic resistance. These include "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and species of enterobacter, salmonella, and shigella" (Nathan & Cars,
Gastroenteritis, sometimes referred to as infectious diarrhoea is a common disease that affects millions of people annually. It is a disease caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites that enter the human body and spread, which induce symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. Although it is a common occurrence in society and is usually not harmful, cases of gastroenteritis in less developed countries may have more fatal repercussions due to their inability to access ample means
bacterial cell wall. Then facilitated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes, cell lysis beings. Ampicillin is metabolized by Hydrolysis of the B-lactam ring to penicilloic acid. Microorganisms such as salmonella, Escherichia coli, campylobacter, shigella aquificae, thermotogae, chrysiogenetes, nitrospira, deferribacteres, other eubacteria, and other enteric bacteria are sensitive to Ampicillin. Treatment Dosage can range from 1 to 2g IM or IV every 4 to 6 hours to the maximum does of 12g per day
Pigments produced by microorganisms has been used to dye fabrics of different types. Talaromyces verruculosus produce a red colored pigment which is suitable to dye cotton and is harmless. Pigments from microorganisms give different types of shades of a color. For instance; Janthinobacterium lividum produce a pigment which gives purplish-blue shade to different types of fabrics. Thermomyces produce a yellow pigment used to dye number of fabrics specifically silk. NP2 and NP$ strains of Streptomyces
Essay on Evolution There are many mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. One of the most important mechanism in evolution is natural selection which is the differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Natural selection occurs when a environment makes a individual adapt to that certain environment by variations that arise by mutation and genetic recombination. Also it favors certain traits in a individual
2.0 SOURCE OF FOOD DETERIORATION AND SPOILAGE Food deterioration and spoilage are undesirable changes occurring in food. Foods take time to lose their natural form though spoilage. The perfect environment for food deterioration is exposed moist food left at room temperature. Cooked food left to cool for a long period of time also will cause food deterioration. The three major causes of food deterioration and spoilage are bacteria contamination, physical contamination and chemical contamination.
drinking from an unsafe water supply. In countries like Africa diseases are a big problem because of there lack of water supply causing them to drink any water they can find. When these people drink dangerous water they could get many diseases like, shigella are deadly version of diarrhoea and trachoma a disease that can effect eyesight leaving around 146 million blind around the world. Diseases in water bodies in third world countries aren’t the least of their problems because there are also lethal
Yellow fever. Another disease mentioned in the novella is auge, which is most likely the same or similar to Dengue fever or Black fever. Let's briefly talk about each of these before moving on to their role in the story. Dysentery is caused by the Shigella species of bacteria. This presents as a type of diarrhea in which the stools contain blood and mucous. In healthy young to middle aged adults, Dysentery is self-limiting, meaning that it will not usually kill it's host. It is very unpleasant, yet
CHAPTER THREE 3.1 MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF HONEY Scientist have showed that at least on sixty species of bacteria honey has powerful anti-bacterial properties unlike some antibiotics, which are ineffective on certain types of bacteria. Since ancient times by many religious faiths and recorded in ancient scriptures the importance of honey have been praised. The pH of honey lies between 3.2 and 4.5, the growth of many bacteria is ceased as a result of it acidic pH. 3.11 TREATMENT OF WOUNDS The medical