Capacity Design Philosophy for Earthquake Resistance 11 9.1. General Approach 11 9.2. The Implications of Capacity Design 12 10. Earthquake Resistant Structural Systems 12 10.1. Moment Resisting Frames: 12 10.2. Shear Walls 13 10.3. Braced Frames 13 11. The Importance & Implications of Structural Regularity 13 11.1. General 13 11.2. Vertical Regularity 14 11.3. Horizontal Regularity. 14 11.4. Floor Diaphragms 14 12
5.1 Introduction Structurally, the Salt Range is the result of tectonic forces imposed during the lateral phases of the Himalayan orogeny in the late Cenozoic time; the occurrence of the thick, incompetent Salt Range formation at the base of the sedimentary sequence has strongly influenced the structure. 5.2 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE PAIL-BAHDRAR AREA Structural features were essentially the result of gravitative flow process (a tectonic diaprisim) involving the subsurface flow of highly incompetent
Humans can destroy, mutilate or trash the caves. Humans indirectly affect the cave by touching the walls, which results in discoloration and the prevention of cave formation growth. Humans tend to litter which is not allowed. The caves are locked during off hours so that no one vandalizes the caves. Efforts to restore the caves to the way they were before
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450 square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man’s activities
diameter of the tube. The stress produced due to the hydraulic pressure should exceed the material yield stress and elastic deformation should begin. The pressure is further increased to propagate the deformation to the desired depth within the tube wall. Non-corrosive and non-compressibility of oil makes it a good fluid for the application as compared to a highly compressible gas. Overall this reduces both the work done when increasing its pressure, and danger
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This
• The bend length - This is the length of the bend or curve, which is measured along the twisted axis. • The bend radius - This is the separation from the curve axis to the internal surface of the material, between the twist lines. Infrequently it is indicated as the internal bend radius. The external bend radius is equivalent to the internal bend radius in addition to the thickness of the sheet of the metal. • The bend angle - This is the point of angle where the bend occurs. It is estimated
Thunderstorm Introduction According to Harding (2011), thunderstorms is dangerous and it has the capabilities to produce severe uneven movement within area of air, low level wind shear, low ceiling and visibility, hails and lightning. Thunderstorm is convection is developed based on three fundamental atmospheric conditions; warm humid air, a steep vertical temperature gradient where colder air over moist air and an updraft that makes water vapor turns into water droplets which makes the clouds
Microburst and wind shear avoidance As we all know, safety is fundamental to the aviation industry. There are many factors will cause dangerous to flights, such as human factors, problem of aircraft structures and so on. Flight safety has many challenges. Due to the climate variability and suddenness, meteorology has become a severe problem in aviation. Many air crashes are in the result of bad weather. In generally speaking, there are several weather phenomenon have much influence on flights, like
Motivation for Research and Objectives Louisiana contains approximately 40% of the coastal wetlands of the lower forty-eight states. Louisiana has lost up to forty square miles of marsh per year for several decades (accounting for 80% of the nation’s annual coastal wetland loss) (lacoast.gov). From a hydrologic standpoint, the wetlands replenish aquifers, hold excess floodwaters from intense rainfalls, and provide storm surge protection. The Nation also benefits from Louisiana’s coastal lands
Summary Brian Cox took the astronomy readers to a 5 minutes 11 sec trip to give a visual explanation about the solar system and the formation of tornados with a brief history of its emergence and how the solar system came into existence. According to the visual explanation in the video Brian Cox; tornados are one of the most biggest and bizarre as well as powerful natural phantasm. Cox had given us an unveiled the spectacular and extreme process of making of tornado and revealed the extremely powerful
the three equations of equilibrium. 2: Hooke’s Law, Poisson’s Ratio and Modulus of rigidity. Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) all share a common bond. They are considered to be individually the same for a specific material. hooke’s law is formulated as F=kx; Poisson’s ratio is formulated as = (lateral strain / axial strain) and shear modulus is formulated as G= E/(2(1+" " )). 3: polar moment of inertia and angle of twist. Determinate systems: (ISO-STATIC)
Tornado Facts: What You Need to Know About the Spinning Air of Destruction Most people know what a tornado is, but not all of them know what a tornado really is. There is more to it than just a swirling mass of wind that only scares the bejeezus out of you or leaves destruction on its wake. What is a tornado? Also known as twisters, cyclone and funnel, a tornado is a tube of air that touches both the ground and clouds and spins rapidly. For a vortex of wind to be called a tornado, it must touch
Langmuir adsorption model assumesthat adsorption occurs at specific homogeneous adsorption sites onthe adsorbent surface and intermolecular forces decrease rapidlywith the distance from the adsorption surface. The model further basedon the assumption that all the adsorption sites are energeticallyidentical and adsorption occurs on a structurally homogeneousadsorbent. The Langmuir (Hadi et al., 2010) non-linear form is pre-sented in Eq. (6).which may be unfavourable (RL > 1), linear (RL = 1), favorable
Moment loads are divided into two categories such as bending moment and torsion moment. The stresses due to the moments can be illustrated as in the following figure 3.11; Figure 3.11 Stresses due to moments [3] As in the illustrated figure 3.11 the stress distribution is linear and highest at the outer surface of the pipe. The highest stresses due to the bending can be written as; by bz M y Z M z Z (Eq 3.41) [3] (Eq 3.42) [3] Where; Z (r 4 r 4 ) (Eq 3.43)
Tornadoes largely hit the United States, and the media is fast to rule the leading causes. The media attribute the intensity and number of the tornadoes to the existing "clash of the air masses". They hold to this theory without enough evidence on the main causes of the tornadoes as well as establishing the leading causes of these tornadoes. The media mainly argues that there is a clash between the cold polar air and the warm tropical air. According to the author, the argument presented by the media
Journal bearing is a type of bearing that supports the load by providing a plain surface which uses a lubricant to reduce the friction between the rotating and the stationary part. These types of bearings are also known as fluid film bearings because of the presence of a film of lubricant between shaft and bearing. When the journal and bearing are in relative motion, the amount of eccentricity between two depends on the pressure generated in the lubricating film in order to balance the external loads
Composites are similar to essays; they are both an arrangement of parts coming together. Composites, however, have two essential phases: matrix and dispersed phase. The matrix’s responsibility is to be covering the materials being used to form a new type of supply. Composites are also known as two or more type of materials being combine to create a new material that could be used in different real world applications. Commonly, composites are formed because it could be reusable, cheaper and sometimes
initial dispersion of the binder in the powder depends upon viscosity and shear rate applied. (Schaefer, 1996) Binder viscosity also controls the consolidation rate and hence subsequent growth via coalescence. (Ennis, et al., 1991). Results from Rough et al (2005) showed that increased temperature (lower viscosity), the regimes are reached faster because the binder is able to distribute more effectively in the mixture at a given shear rate which is in accordance with the work reported by Schaefer et al
Munson, Young, Okiishi, and Huebsch (2010), is defined as “a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude” (p. 4). Fluids can also be described as a component that constantly undergoes physical changes due to shear force which is a force that acts tangentially to its area (Massey & Ward-Smith, 2012). Fluids have certain properties that liquids and gases have in common which differentiate it from solids such as its ability to flow and change shape. However, the