and Mecca was under a form of chaos, as the Islamic empire were with out a leader to guide or to lead the people of Islam. Therefore the Muslim committee elected Abu Bakr, as he was the closest companion of the prophet, and so become the first caliphate, also known as ‘The Rightly Guided Caliphs’ because a caliph is someone who truly followed the footsteps of the prophet. Abu Bakr’s first dilemma as a caliph was the dismemberment of the alliances of the following kingdoms ‘Yemen’ and ‘Oman’
Time The Encyclopedia Britannica defines a caliphate as, the political-religious state comprising the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion in the centuries following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. The three caliphates that ruled had a great deal of influence on Middle Eastern history, because they ruled from the time of Muhammad’s death in 632, all the way to their decline in 1258. During their first two centuries the Caliphates grew rapidly through conquest, to include
“In 622, a small community of Muslims gradually migrated from Mecca to Medina” (Cleveland 11) they were in effect kicked out of Mecca because their leader, Muhammad “posed a challenge to the social, economic, and religious structure of the city” (Cleveland 10). By 750, this small group of outcasts had gained power over “an empire that stretched from Morocco to India” (Cleveland 17). The religion of Muhammad, Islam, grew even beyond this first empire and became the driving force behind future expansions
Eastern history. The Cleveland text focuses initially on the formation of Islam and early Islamic history, placing the emergence of powerful early empires like the Umayadd and Abbasid empires as a continuation of the conquests of Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphate. Throughout most of Parts One and Two, Cleveland and Bunton are particulary concerned with the role religion has played in the region. Gelvin’s introduction, however, states that one of the arguments of his book is that “historians specializing
writers. His Letter to the Secretaries is a classic example, having been quoted and preserved by Ibn Khaldun, an Islamic scholar and political thinker. Al-Hamid Letter to the Secretaries was written during the Umayyad Caliphate (in the form of an epistle of course). The Umayyad caliphate was the first true Islamic empire; its border stretching from Spain to the borders of modern day India. The period from 661 A.D. to 750 A.D. saw marked by territorial expansion and by the bureaucratic problems that
another then the future of Islam could have been destroyed, with no one to lead the Islamic community when they were undeveloped. The diversion of the Muslim community in to two groups was not down to the caliphates but down to the Muslims. They had the wrong idea. Shi’a opposed the caliphate system in favouring Ali. The Qurra never accepted Mu’awiya so Qurra formed a group called the Shi’a. All four caliphs were related to Muhammad in some way.
much as they can to lead the people in the way the prophet taught and gave people rights to live, worship and pray freely even of they were not Muslims. The main problem that was occurring after the prophets death was that each group wanted the caliphate and Abu Bakr who was a very humble and respected man did not want to lead and preferred if the people chose Umar b. Khattab or Abu Ubaida. Abu Bakr was one of the first people to embrace Islam and in the article “Leadership succession in early Islam”
When it comes to the modern relationship that Islam shares with both Christianity and Judaism, it is not difficult to recognize mutual hostility. Islamic extremism has been gradually dominating the Western perception of Muslims—in the midst of this, the World Trade Center attacks could only exacerbate the situation. On that account, it was no surprise when these hostile attitudes were unmistakably revealed during the “Cordoba House” mosque controversy at which point in 2010, it was proposed that
In her book Ahmed al-Mansur the Beginnings of Modern Morocco Mercedes Garcia-Arenal examines various aspects of interaction between Morocco and the much of the influential world that resulted in their military, political, economic and spiritual success. This success ensured that Morocco did not face the same colonization that their neighboring nations were subject to. Under the rule of Ahmed al-Mansur Morocco entered into the global class of influential nations becoming well connected with both regional
during the time of second caliph, Caliph Umar al-Khattab(13-23 AH/ 634-644CE) through his commander, Amru b al-As (18-21AH/ 639-642 CE). He was sent to Egypt in order to expand the political hegemony as well as to find new resources for Islamic caliphate. As prescribed by John Fage (1978): “Islam, a civilization as well as a religion, was the first major external influence upon the course of African history. Within about four centuries of the Arab conquest of North Africa that began with the invasion
Philosophy of Sufism Mystic interpretation of Islamic life within the bonds of religious orthodoxy is known as Sufism. That is, Sufism represents the mystical trend in Islam. Before explaining Sufism, it is important to explain mysticism and its different types. Mysticism is a practical, spiritual discipline based on the insight of illuminated seekers of truth. The word mystic, which has passed from Greek religion in to European literature, is represented in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. To pointing
The ruling elite of the Ottoman Empire were unique, because they were a foreign influence, which shaped the way they were perceived and how they displayed their identity. This was because; they were Devirshirme, recruits of the child levy system. They served in either the palace service or the Janissary military system. Their status as the ruling elite was bittersweet, filled with pros and cons. The Janissaries formed a powerful interest group, which allowed them to project their power to the Sultan
Greek knowledge known today would not have existed. These two empires brought back into popularity much of Greek culture and philosophy. There are many similarities that should be compared between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates. The Islamic Caliphates adopted an administrative structure based on Byzantine models. Caliphs of the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad were absolute monarchs. They assumed new names when they started ruling and claimed divine support for their authority. The decline
However, in 800 A.D, it was a celebrated metropolis of education, which attracted scholars, scientists and artists from all around the Muslim world. Much of the modern world’s scientific and philosophical knowledge has its roots in the Abbasid caliphate, and Baghdad its capital. Bayt al-Hikma, or the House of Wisdom was founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid, and formally established by his son al-Mamun during the early middle ages of Europe. Bayt al-Hikma was a distinguished institution where a remarkable
The Threat is Real The world today has many problems, the main one being terrorism. It seems as if every day there is something on the news about a terrorist attack somewhere in the world. The threat is real, but the biggest threat is ISIS. Countries all around the globe are preparing for, or fighting, a war against ISIS. In a world full of many terrorist groups and threats, ISIS is the most powerful. The world needs to better understand what it is, where they attack, and how to stop them. ISIS
Since the abolishment of the caliphate by Ataturk in 1924, Islamic society has moved on from the institution, with Muslims around the world integrating themselves into different political systems and finding a new means of finding community. As a result, the resurgence of the caliphate as an institutions, meant to achieve unity within the Muslim community, is instead doing the opposite via the Islamic State (ISIS), which is damaging Islam for its own political gain. This notion is supported in the
There are several historical reasons for the astonishing spread of Islam throughout Arabia and beyond after Muhammad’s death in 632 AD. These factors basically depended in degree of which Islamic leader, empire, or dynasty was in power. Although the religious sincerity and zeal of the Islamic powers varied greatly, some reflection of the Muslim’s religious belief in past was needed to internally stabilize the Islamic world. The ways in which Islam spread was due to ingenuity of the Islamic powers
Islamic Reform Movements Behind all Islamic reform movements is the rejection of the western idea of nation-state and the principle of separation between the church and state. All Islamic reform movements seek to change Islam and society on the basis of a return to a strict adherence to the Qur'an and the Hadiths. To reform Islam and society, reform movements advocate the taking of political power in order to command that which is proper and forbid that which is reprehensible. In brief, this
Women were treated unfairly in the 13th century and they weren’t given important political positions or given important responsibilities because they were women. Having a woman rule land or be a noble was an embarrassment to most men. Being the Sultana of Egypt was a prestigious position and, since she was a woman, Shagrat Al-Durr did encounter many obstacles along the way, but that didn’t stop her from changing the history of the world. In Egypt during the 13th century, when women were not treated
to the caliphate and divide the Abbasid state. Soon the division would presumably cease to exist, which brings up the argument that Harun al-Rashid establishes this territorial division of nominated his sons to screw up and now not exist or was it not his fault. The Civil War between al-Amin and al-Ma mun arose dramatically