1.1.1 Glycoproteins and biosynthesis 1.1.1.1. N-Linked glycoproteins N-Linked glycoproteins were traditionally considered unique for eukaryotic systems. It was not until more recently that their presences in bacteria and archaea become recognized. N-Glycans in eukaryotes share some common features and have a common core structure. They consist of common monosaccharide units. However, their structures in bacteria and archaea are more diverse and contain both common and rare monosaccharide building
VITAMIN B6 Vitamin B6 isolated in 1930.The term B6 refer to six common forms, namely Piridoxal, Pyridoxine, Piridoxamine, and their Phospharylated forms. The phosphate ester derivate piridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)is the bioactive coenzyme form involved in over 4% of all enzymatic reactions, must be obtained from the diet because humans cannot synthesize it, it ´s a water soluble vitamin B group, and it serves as a coenzyme in many enzyme reaction in amino acid , glucose and lipid metabolism.
Food are consists by essential of fats, protein and carbohydrates. This all elements are needed in the body of an organism because to sustain growth, repair cells and give energy. From the above pictures show the food packaging of the Instant Asam Fish Sauce by the Mak Nyonya brand. This food is mostly consume by the students because it cheap, easy to cook and have all nutrients that body need. From the packaging, it states that the food have 12.6g of the saturated fats, 2.8mg of the sodium, 22
Introduction There are four major classes of building blocks that are involved in the sythesis and maintance of life. These molecules of life are made up of four large biomolecule classes, Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids. All four of these biomolecules are considered Organic due to a typical concentration of carbon within the molecules, carbon is broadly known as the “element of life” (Chyba & Phillips, 2002). These so-called organic molecules found as mono micromolecules bond together
A pioneer in the field of biochemistry, Ada E. Yonath helped make many discoveries and lead several experiments to learn about ribosomes and related structures. She went to colleges and universities for several years, and was at the forefront of groundbreaking research. However, her early childhood life was not as easy as one would expect, given her success. Ada Yonath was born on June 22, 1939 in Jerusalem, Israel, then known as the British mandate of Palestine. She was the only child of an extremely
microorganism that have cell walls but lack organelles, a nucleus, and bacteria are also prokaryotic. Viruses are infectious agents that consist of a nucleic acid molecule and replicates only within the cells of living host. Prions are miss formed proteins that are proteinases infectious agents responsible for fatal neurodegenerative in animals and humans. Prions are inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments. The structures of all three of these subjects are very
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Introduction: Nanotechnology is an area of science involved in designing, building and manipulating structures at the nanometer scale. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, and it’s the size scale of molecules. For example: A human hair is approximately 200,000nm in diameter. DNA is about 2nm in diameter. Bounds between many atoms are around 0.15nm long. Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology
G Proteins Proteins play various important roles in inter-neuronal communication. Receptor sites are made up of proteins and the ion channels in the cell membranes are proteins. The link between the receptor sites and the protein channels sometimes is the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, better known as G Protein. (1) The basic structure and function of these shall be explored in the following. In order for neuron communication to occur, the post-synaptic neuron must have receptor sites
How life arose is a question that is fundamental to both philosophy and science. Responses to it enable one, in turn, to answer such questions as, “Who am I?”, “Why am I here?”, and “How do I make sense of this world?” This secondary set of questions can be answered in a myriad of ways for a variety of reasons, but the answer to the first question has only two responses. As Douglas Futuyuma says, “Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things”
Analysis of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Introduction- Proteins may be thought of natural polymers of amino acids, as the composition of proteins is of amino acids. The technique known as paper chromatography is used to separate amino acids for analysis. In this technique small spots of amino acids are introduced to a piece of porous filter paper. The bottom of the paper is then placed in a small bath of an appropriate solvent. The solvent is allowed to rise up the paper. The
The Effect of Temperature on the Cell Membranes of Beetroot Cells Apparatus ·Corer size 4 · White tile · A Beetroot · Automatic Water Bath · Segregated knife · A thermometer · Stopwatch Method: · First take the white tile and the corer. Then collect a cylinder of beetroot by pushing the corer into the beetroot and withdrawing it. The cylinder remains inside the corer- so push it out with the end of a pencil. · Collect 3 cylinders, and then cut them into 6 pieces
types of macromolecules that I am going to describe: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid. I will also describe the functions and why they are important in our bodies. Proteins ======== Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are joined head-to-tail in a long chain that is then folded into a three-dimensional structure unique to each type of protein. The covalent linkage between two adjacent amino acids in a protein (or polypeptide) chain is called a peptide bond.
The Nature of Proteins Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and also nitrogen. Proteins are macromolecules. They are constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids; that is, they are polymers ( Compound whose molecule consists of many repeated units linked together). A typical protein contains 200-300 amino acids but some are much smaller (the smallest are often called peptides) and some much larger. Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers)
The Functions of Osmosis Osmosis is the passive transport of water through a selectively permeable membrane, a membrane that allows certain needed particles to pass through it more easily than others. Pores in this type of membrane are large enough for water to pass effortlessly through it. The flow of water during osmosis depends on the concentration of a solute either within a cell membrane or surrounding the membrane. Water naturally flows from a hypertonic solution, an area of high
and is bounded by a nuclear membrane, but since a prokaryotic cell doesn't have a nucleus and its DNA is a single, circular coiled molecule that floats freely within the cell and is not bounded by nuclear membrane nor is it complexed with any proteins. In addition to the circular DNA some bacteria also contain plasmids. Prokaryotic cells are far older and more diverse than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have probably been around for 3.5 billion years, which is about 2.5 billion years
many different proteins found in food stains. These enzymes only need a low temperature of around 50ËšC, and this means a saving of energy, as less electricity is used by the appliance but the difficult stains are still removed. In the dairy industry, enzymes are used to remove lactose from milk as some people are allergic to lactose. The enzyme lactase is added ... ... middle of paper ... ... assay) are used in hospitals to diagnose certain diseases as specific proteins are detected in
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT Thickness of gas exchange surface Protein Structure Proteins are made up of amino acids • Primary Structure • Secondary Structure • Tertiary Structure • Quaternary Structure Primary Structure – Chain of Amino Acids COOH – Carboxylic acid group NH2 – Amine Group Condensation – Loss of H20 (joining of acids) Hydrolysis – Gain of H20 (splitting of acid chain) Peptide bond formed in condensation reaction (p for protein) Each time an Amino Acid joins the chain there is
used to modify the dimensional and sequential data of the molecules. The data can be applied in various ways. Biochemists can rearrange and form amino acids to observe mutagenesis or functions of the proteins, it can also be useful to predict and understand catalytic mechanisms stimulated by proteins. VMD can be useful to a range of audience, molecular structural data obtained from VMD can be integrated with bioinformatics, which will then provide useful information to researchers of biological system
as, UBQLN2, VCP/CDC48 in the UPS and SQSTM1/p62, VAPB and some of the vesicular traffic proteins in autophagy have been suggesting a fragile capacity of proteostasis in vulnerable neurons (Bedford et al., 2008; Deng et al., 2011; Paine et al., 2013; Johnson et al., 2010). Recent genetic and biochemical study revealed that mutations in a unique PXX repeat region of UBQLN2 which is one of ubiquitin like protein family are causative in ALS. The different mutations of UBQLN2 are present in the typical
Purification and Estimation of proteins etc. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab have helped me attain various bioinformatics skills like Analysis of protein structure and Comparative genomics & proteomics. To pursue my interest in Developmental Biology and Cell Biology, I interned at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai under Dr. Maithreyi Narasimha in summer'2012. During this internship the objective was to find out how Cappuccino protein affects the morphology of ...