German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization
Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate In the United States, over 245 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) was produced by consumers in 2005. This is approximately 4.5 pounds of trash per person per day.[3] This same year, 79 million tons of waste were recycled, a dramatic increase from 15 million tons in 1980.[3] Of the total MSW in 2003,11.1% (26.7 million tons) was plastic. Although only 3.9% of plastics disposed in 2003 were recycled, PET was recovered at a rate of 25%.[4] There
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Outdated: Is the World Ready for a New Plastic? Abstract: This paper explains the structure of polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) also known as PET. It states the properties of the plastic as well recycling methods. My goal was to find out what makes PET the number one plastic, both in consumption as well as the most recycled. I also searched for new polymers that are being created by scientists and compare them to PET to see if there was a plastic out there
Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental Impact The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s
especially plastics. Polyethylene, which is the most commonly used plastic, is directly produced from ethylene by its polymerization. Ethylene can also be chlorinated or combined with benzene to produce 1,2-dichloroethane, a precursor of plastic polyvinyl chloride to produce ethylbenzene, which is another important plastic used in the manufacture of polystyrene. Lesser amounts of ethylene are oxidized to produce chemicals containing ethylene oxide,
Polyethylene Vinylacetate (EVA) Student Name Pathik Patel, ID Number #20638625; E-mail: pd6patel@uwaterloo.ca 1. Introduction and Applications: Ethene, but-3-enoic acid (IUPAC name), commonly known as poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (PEVA), as the name suggest, is the copolymer made up of ethylene monomer and vinyl acetate (VA) monomer. It is produced by addition reaction mechanism with free radical initiation. It has a chemical formula of (C2H4)n(C4H6O2)m. Depending upon the weight percent
There are many causes for needing a bone replaced, a common one being arthritis. The hip and knee are both effective bones in the body when uncompromised by osteoarthritis because they are structurally designed to manage stress from loading in effective ways. In hip and knee replacement surgery, common surgeries, there are advantages and disadvantages relating to recovery time and lasting bone health. By examining the structure and functionality of the knee and hip with an emphasis on artificial
critical factor in the long word accomplishment of an implant. Metal-on-Plastic Metal-on-plastic is the most extended endeavored and tested bearing. The convex femoral stem is crafted of metal and the concave cup liner is made of a plastic shouted polyethylene. Ceramic-on-Ceramic Ceramic-on-Ceramic is a good combination alongside longevity and reliability. In this hip combined a high-strength ceramic bearing that has the standing for ultra-low wear performance. Ceramic is the har... ... middle of paper
What is joint Replacement Surgery? Joint replacement Surgery operation is obtaining obviates a broken joint and fitting a different one. A joint is that the place 2 or a lot of bones are available combination, just like the knee, hip, and shoulder. The surgical remedy is often performed via a doctor called associate in nursing orthopedic (mentioned or-toe-PEE-dik) scientific skilled. Each currently and so, the doctor won't eliminate the total joint, other than can simplest modification or repair
Polyethylene Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most commonly used polymers which can be identified into two plastic identification codes: 2 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 4 for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Polyethylene is sometimes called polyethene or polythene and is produced by an addition polymerisation reaction. The chemical formula for polyethylene is –(CH2-CH2)n– for both HDPE and LDPE. The formation of the polyethylene chain is created with the monomer ethylene (CH2=CH2). The
Introduction Plastic has found its way into every house and office, it’s found in many home appliances and office equipment. The reason for increased use of Plastic is that it has replaced Glass, wood and metals and it’s relatively cheap. Plastic is thrown away after its use and that creates a huge problem regarding the disposal of the plastic. This has resulted in the need for recycling plastic in order to avoid its disposal and to re-use it. The first time used plastic is known as virgin grade
Recycling means collecting and sorting waste for the purpose of producing new products. In Malaysia, the recycling program was officially introduced on December 2, 2000 and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (ministry) has determined that the 11 November of each year as National Recycling Day. Recycling process involves a variety of solid waste including plastic. Plastics is the solid waste that cannot be decomposed, so the recycling process of this material can help reduce the quantities
Taslan is a woven polyester fabric. It is a high tech and highly breathable fabric. It is quite durable and strong in structure. This material dries very quickly and allows moisture to easily seep through to prevent sweat to remain in the suit. Extra protection must be taken in this suit as it is very sensitive to friction burn. Spandex is a polyester fabric. The term “windproof” itself means that the product is wind resistant in nature. This fabric is elastic water proof and has a sweat permeable
Recycling is process and step in collecting and sorting waste for the purpose of producing new products. In Malaysia, the recycling program was officially introduced on December 2, 2000 and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (ministry) has determined that on 11 November of each year as a National Recycling Day for Malaysia. Recycling process has involves a variety of solid waste including plastic. Plastics is the solid waste that cannot be decomposed, so, through the recycling process of
Over the past 40 years there has been a surge of awareness, with regards to environmental issues, as more people are beginning to realize the dangers of air pollution, deforestation and the depletion of the Earth’s natural resources. This monumental shift in attitude has encouraged many individuals to lead more eco-friendly lifestyles and remain mindful of the fact that present day society has a duty to preserve the Earth’s resources for future generations. Undoubtedly, corporations and businesses
to speed up the reaction - there are many options for catalysts such as antimony (iii) oxide1. After this step the polyester is formed and half of the ethane1,2- diol is restored which is removed1. This is the final polyester also known as the polyethylene terephthalate1. Producing polyester for manufacturing purposes. There is another method of producing polyester. This method is mainly used by manufacturers to produce polyester. The two basic form of polyester produced are filament yarn and staple
In 2005 more than twenty-two billion disposable plastic water bottles ended up in landfills or incinerators in the United States, that is an average of sixty million bottles a day (Franklin, 2006, para. 3). The wastefulness in the production of disposable water bottles and its process is just as astonishing. In 2011, an average 1.39 liters of water were used to produce one liter of water for disposable water bottles (Gustafson, 2013, para. 2). The water used to produce the bottle is the main problem;
required use. Polymer-Polyethylene is partially crystalline as well as amorphous because it has crystalline and amorphous regions. Also it has linear chains so this is the simplest structure compared to a branched or network chain. This can be of an advantage to it over other types of materials as its good toughness and elongation makes it very significant in the engineering industry as it can be moulded or extruded into shapes such as pipes which are made of HDPE. Polyethylene is a thermoplastic so
The intent of existing investigation was to formulate nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/high density polyethylene blends (HDPE) blends using industrial waste (MW) and compatibilized by Chloroprene rubber (CR). Results indicated that the minimum and maximum torque increased with increasing HDPE amount in the blends, whereas scorch, and cure time showed the decreasing trend. Increment in HDPE increased the tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, hardness and crosslink density. % tensile strain, % compression
pharmaceutical fields is polyethylene glycol. In North America, constipation is considered one of the most prevalent digestive complaints; a study showed that over 63 million people residing here meet the criteria of constipation. Before PEG’s were discovered, alternatives consisted of all natural remedies for relieving constipation and providing lubrication for the skin. Unfortunately, these antidotes were established