responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and penicillin since 1990
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a
Vaccine Debate Edward Jenner invented a method to protect against smallpox in the late 1700s. The method involved taking substances from an open wound of someone with small-pox or cow-pox and injecting it into another person’s skin, also called “arm-to-arm inoculation”. The earliest actual documented examples of vaccination date all the way back to the tenth century in China (Lombard, “A brief history of vaccines and vaccinations”). The mention of early vaccination was taken note of by a French scholar
org/education/breathing-in-america/resources/chapter-15-pneumonia.pdf Pneumonia factsheet. 2013. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/ Poll, T., Opal, M.S. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. 2009. Lancet 374: p. 1543–56. Retrieved from http://www.umcutrecht.nl/NR/rdonlyres/A34BBBAE-1C56-42C1-B308-070A781CE82C/20643/2Review_pneumocpneumonia_poll_opal_lancet.pdf Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4. 2001. NCBI database taxonomy
asking your physicians office. Starting at birth the newborn will receive a list of vaccines. Hepatitis B vaccine is given once at birth and again twice more at 1 and 6 months old. The DTap also known as diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine, the Hib or Haemophilus Influenzae type b vaccine, the IPV or inactivated poliovirus vaccine, PCV or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and the Rotavirus vaccine are given at 2, 4 and 6 months. However at 6 months the IPV can be delivered between
Respiratory System Emphysema One of the common diseases in the respiratory system that many people around the world face is emphysema or also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a chronic lung condition where the alveoli or air sacs may be damaged or enlarged resulting in short of breath (Mayo Clinic, 2011). If emphysema is left untreated, it will worsen causing the sphere shaped air sacs to come together making holes and reduce the surface area of the lungs and the amount
For example, Polio was eliminated in the United States by 1979 after widespread vaccination efforts. The purpose of a vaccine is to generate and stimulate protective immunity against the invading pathogen.1 Protection against the infectious diseases heavily relied on the magnitude, quality, longevity, and location of the produced antibodies within human tissues. Traditional vaccines that induce permanent immunity are mostly derived from live-attenuated viruses or bacterial pathogens; for example, polio2
they are now commonly referred to as vaccinations or immunizations. Vaccines are used to trigger the immune system to recognize a disease and produce antibodies to protect the body. Vaccines come in many different types, for most diseases there is a single vaccine for each strand. There is not a vaccine for all diseases, as HIV, Malaria, and Hookworm are a few that do not have a licenced vaccine (Bottazzi, 2016). In order for a vaccine to be considered licensed it must undergo rigorous testing and pass
Each year, about 2.1 million people die from vaccine-preventable diseases. Many children may not receive their necessary first year vaccinations because of lack of availability, religious beliefs, and safety concerns (Healy, Rench, and Baker 540). The dictionary definition of a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves the immunity to a certain disease (Healy, Rench, and Baker 540). Although all 50 States in the United States require children to be vaccinated to certain diseases before entering
Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines Meningococcal disease is a large concern in the medical field because it is unbiased towards the patients it infects. There has been limited success in trying to eliminate this disease. Antibiotics play a role in helping to treat patients with bacterial meningitis, and steroids have been tested to help reduce risk factors. Prevention has also become a key issue because meningitis can only be spread through direct contact with infected body fluid. The