Abstract The purpose of this study is to better understand the implications that different levels of pH have on development of sea-urchin larvae. Many sea creatures reproduce and flourish in certain water qualities and reproduction can be hindered if levels are not maintained. Sea Urchins are important in understanding not only urchin cells, fertilization, and heredity but can also be linked directly to humans. If we can apply our understanding of urchin reproduction we can better understand how
more galaxy around the world than salt in the sea and there is only one life on one planet earth. But how did it happen How did this miracle thing happened. It all happened around 1.3 billion years ago the first origin of life on earth. This is a slow process and it took thousands of years to complete. The evolutionist theory suggests that the life originated from simple atom like carbon, nitrogen. They react to under great pressure to form a single cell and evolve from there to become an organism
1 SEA CUCUMBER IN MEDICAL APPLICATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Sea cucumbers from class of Holothuroidea are a group of echinoderms that include about 1,250 known living species. It is a unique creature due to the existence of endoskeleton or internal skeleton that consists of tiny ossicles or spicules, small particles of calcium carbonate embedded in the body wall. Mostly of them are indeed shaped like soft-bodied cucumbers. Generally, sea cucumbers can grow to the lengths of between 4 to 12 inches
When I imagine a fish that resembles a sea monster, I immediately picture a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). These fish are jawless and can grow up to 80 cm as an adult. An adult lamprey’s mouth has teeth arranged in circular rows like something from a nightmare. When it comes time to feed, sea lamprey latch on to a host and drill a hole to obtain nutrient-rich blood. If that weren’t enough, they only have two dorsal fins and one caudal fin and lack pelvic and pectoral fins, which gives them an
Michael Cooney Introduction The cell cycle is the synchronous process by which existing cells give rise to new cells. This process can be broadly divided into two stages: interphase and mitosis. During interphase, cells increase in size, replicate their chromosomes to form sister chromatids, and increase their rates of protein synthesis. During mitosis, sister chromatids are separated and transported to opposite cell poles, followed by cell division (cytokinesis). Recent investigations have revealed
It does not matter what animal, seastar or human, every single animal has a circulatory system. When one visualizes a circulatory system, he or she imagines a beating heart with blood vessels spreading across the body. Definition of circulatory system according to a scientific source: “The system in the body by which blood and lymph are circulated.” - Boundless Textbook. In other words, a heart is not required to be a part of the circulatory system. The human circulatory system has a more complex
concentration of seawater. III. Introduction A cell is the smallest functioning unit in an organism, is usually has one or more nuclei that’s surrounded by cytoplasm and all together it’s covered by a membrane. The membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm where substances can pass in and out of the cell making the cell membrane semi-permeable because that’s when only certain small molecules are able to pass through. Molecules can get across the cell many different ways; one way is through diffusion which is when
Gastrulation is one of the most important phases in the life of multicellular organisms. Blastula, a single layered cell structure converts into trilaminar structure with three layers, known as gastrula. The word ‘gastrula’ means stomach, since stomach (archenteron) is the first thing formed during gastrulation. There are basically three main events that occur during gastrulation. These are as follows; 1. Formation of three primary germ layers. 2. Basic body plan and body axes are established. Three
human population every year. This medical procedure is used to replace missing bone or repair a fracture or break by placing a new bone at the spot to stimulate new cell growth. Because of disadvantages to the current procedures used, researchers have been trying to develop new bone graft products, such as special proteins, ceramics, and sea coral. Coral is a great option because it’s exceptionally similar to human bones and holds great potential to be used in bone grafts. Right now, there are two widely
each year there is a different type of flu vaccine that needs to be produced for flu season. Live attenuated vaccines also can be a disadvantage because if they need to be sent over seas it is hard to do so because these types of vaccines need to be kept to a certain temperature which is hard to do when sent over seas. Also since they use living viruses these microbes could revert and form and cause disease. Live vaccines are difficult to create for bacteria’s. The reason they are difficult to create
Cloning Cloning is the process of replicating organism’s genes into one or many identical copies of itself. For hundreds of years, genetic scientists have been studying and experimenting with this idea. Cloning is still a new procedure and has a lot of controversies. Some scientists prophesize that cloning will make the world a better place due to the many applications of cloning that would benefit the world. Other scientists are concerned about the long-term effects it may have to spark the question
both local ecosystems and from the global ecosystem. The subject of this paper is the indirect relationship between biodiversity and human health, particularly with regard to coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs are the most diverse ecosystems in the sea. “High diversity density gives rise to intense species competition and the subsequent organism capability to construct exotic defensive and offensive chemicals, many with pharmacological value” (Adey 2000). It is estimated that less than ten percent
showed that some of the chemicals given to fish pass straight through them and are released into the ocean. Once in the sea, the toxic material does not always dissolve. Instead it floats around the sea polluting the water or will make its way back into the food chain. When aquaculture corporations dump concentrated solutions of fish feces and other dangerous chemicals into the sea, issues begin to arise. The connection with nature is an abusive relationship. Fish farming companies dump toxic sludge
Cloning is a DNA sequence, such as a gene, that is transferred from one organism to another and replicated by genetic engineering techniques. This means to reproduce or propagate asexually and some sexually. Cloning is made when you have several embryos and you try to duplicate them to produce more eggs which is called SCNT. SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer) is used so that they can take a piece of DNA from an egg and transfer it to another egg after the nucleus has been eliminated by an ultra
mutualistic symbioses between coral animals and dinoflagellate algae of the genus symbiodinium. These algae are commonly called zooxanthellae. This symbiosis between heterotrophic hosts and photosynthetic symbionts allows coral to thrive in nutrient poor seas and deposit calcium carbonate to build reefs (Toller et al. 2001, 348). Coral bleaching occurs when there is a loss of zooxanthellae from their coral host. This is accompanied by loss of a coral's normal color that may or may not be detectable
Physiological Adaptations of the Plesiosaur for ‘Holding its Breath’ One hundred and fifty million years ago, large aquatic species of reptile such as the Plesiosaur dominated the ocean, and were pre-eminent predators of the sea. The branch of now extinct Plesiosaurs, or ‘near lizards’, evolved into variant closely related species specialised to take different niches in the food chain. Such species of Plesiosaur include the phenotypically similar Plesiosauroid and Pliosauroid. The physiological
They investigated sandwich structures having core consists of the closed cell PMI foam Casecell 75RS (Cashen Advanced Materials Hi-Tech Co. Ltd). The foam density of 75kg/m3 and a cell diameter of 0.2-0.3mm. The thickness of the foam core is h =25mm. The face sheets are made from prepreg fabric of MT300-3K carbon fibers in 602 epoxy resin from an aerospace research institute. The
jelly fishes are also sea wasps and marine stingers. They are mostly found in the coastal waters of Northern Australia and throughout the Indo Pacific. They are pale blue and transparent in color. They get their name from their cube like shape of their bell. These jelly fishes can have up to fifteen tentacles that grow from each corner of the bell and each tentacle can reach about ten feet(3 metres) in length. Each tentacle has about five thousand stinging cells. These stinging cells are activated not
The Life of Prokaryotic Cells For the prokaryotes, life arose on earth about four billion years ago; they are the original inhabitants of this planet. For approximately two billion years, they were the only form of life on earth. They have since then continued to adapt and flourish on an evolving earth. They are by far the simplest of cells and were the first to evolve. Out of all organisms, prokaryotes are the smallest and least complex cells. They are too small to be seen except with the aid
maintain a state of homeostasis or balance to ensure the optimal operating environment for its complex chemical systems. Any change from this homeostasis is a change away from the optimal operating environment. The body attempts to correct this imbalance. One such imbalance is the effect of increasing altitude on the body’s ability to provide adequate oxygen to be utilized in cellular respiration. With an increase in elevation, a typical occurrence when climbing mountains, the body is forced to respond in