Nozzles Used in Firefighting Modern day firefighting nozzles can be divided into three main types, smoothbore, fog, and broken stream. For arguments sake this paper will focus on the smoothbore and fog nozzles, as they are the most widely accepted to be used for direct fire attack, as opposed to the broken stream nozzle. Typically both types of nozzles have some type of control valve attached which allows the operator to start, stop or reduce the flow of water to the nozzle discharge. Smoothbore
Since the introduction of the fog/combination firefighting nozzle by Dr. Oyston Charles in the 1960 's, the discussion between the traditional smooth bore nozzle vs. fog/combination nozzle for fire attack has been ongoing and heated at times. My research has informed me that the debate between the smooth bore nozzle and fog nozzle has always and will continue to be openly controversial, particularly over the last two decades as the fire service has taken a deeper interest in firefighter safety and
Nozzle A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In nozzle velocity of fluid increases on the expense of its pressure energy with decreasing pressure. Nozzle have many types and each of them has special uses. The nozzle types are high velocity, propelling
function is to stop the rotational momentum of the air and force it to fly straighter. After having turned the turbine blades, the air is given a spiraling motion which decreases its velocity. The stators correct this by channeling the air towards the nozzle so that it can be expelled as exhaust. The mixer must withstand temperatures of more than 3000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is made of nickel alloys which are engineered to withstand heat. Without this heat resistance, the mixer would either melt or suffer
Robert H. Goddard was a scientist, and a U.S. professor of physics. As a child he had many problems with disease. On March 16, 1926, he became the first person in the world to build and launch a liquid-fueled rocket. From 1930 to 1935 Goddard launched rockets that attained speeds of up to 885 km/h (550 mph). Though his work in the field was revolutionary, he was sometimes ridiculed for his theories about space flight. As a child, Goddard was a thin and frail boy who was almost always in fragile
electro-hydraulic servo valve is illustrated in Fig. 1. This electro-hydraulic servo valve consists of two stages, first stage is double nozzle–flapper valve which consists of a toque motor, a flapper, two nozzles, and a feedback spring, and the second stage is a precision ground 4 way spools. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a two-stage electro-hydraulic servo valve. The function of the nozzle–flapper valve driven by the torque motor through electrical signals is a hydraulic amplifier putting out a large hydraulic
Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Abrasive jet machining principle: Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is the removal of material from a work piece by the application of a high speed stream of abrasive particles carried in gas medium from a nozzle. The AJM process is different from conventional sand blasting by the way that the abrasive is much finer and the process parameters and cutting action are both carefully regulated. The process is used chiefly to cut intricate shapes in hard and brittle materials
bearing (Figure 1-9) sits on the piston. A flat nozzle (Figure 1-10) is attached perpendicularly to the open end of the tube. It has a square member (Figure 1-11) for human contact and a narrow downward pointing neck (Figure 1-12). To operate the pump, the user applies pressure to the square member of the nozzle with the thumb or forefinger (Figure 2). The force created due to this pressure pushes the nozzle down. The tube, connected to the nozzle, is also pushed down and in turn compresses the spring
US has been developing the technology to prevent this for the last decade, but due to budget problems this technology was never installed on our fighters. I’m talking about a Thrust Vectoring. This engineering term describes the use of an engines nozzle to direct the force coming from a jet engine in different directions other then straight out the back. Besides tragic, needless deaths, this technology has a military significance for front line fighter jets. With the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
TURBOFAN ENGINE TEAM NAME: MUST ADVENTURERS. MEMBERS NAMES: 1)AMMARA TOFIQUE. 2)M.JAWAD MUZAFFAR. UNIVERSITY: MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST) , MIRPUR,AZAD KASHMIR. CITY:MIRPUR,AZAD KASHMIR. STATE:AZAD KASHMIR. DEPARTMENT:MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. ROLL NUMBERS:1)11-ME-12. 2)12-ME-45. 1)Definition Of A Turbofan Engine: Turbofan is the combination of two words.”Turbo” means gas turbine engine which takes mechanical energy from combustion and “Fan” means
a type of nozzles that sprays water with high-pressure (up to 200 psi) or low pressure (less than 50 psi) to the air as a fine fog or mist. These fine fog or mist evaporates into the outdoor air in order to cool this air which is located beside the fogger (Giacomelli, 2003). Generally, the process of fogging is used in different applications for temperature and humidity controlling, air quality improvement and even offer visual effects. The High pressure fogging sprays water from nozzles with small
cooling system can be summarized as this system utilizes very high pressure water about 1000 psi or 70 pars which occurred from a pump with high quality and delivery lines to create a very fine droplets size nearly 10 micron from specifically designed nozzles. Then, these fine droplets are quickly evaporated and absorbed the heat found in the air. In order to offer an excellent cooling; fog cooling systems use something called flash evaporation (Giacomelli, 2003). Fog Evaporative cooling According to Al-Amri
of a pressurized propellant, which is a liquid that boils at everyday temperatures. Inside the can, a layer of gaseous pressure increased, and eventually it becomes so high that boiling stops. when the nozzle is pressed, the gas pressure forces the product up the tube in the can and out of the nozzle in a spray or foam. The propellant may emerge as well but, now under less pressure, it immediately evaporates. First patented in the US in 1941, aerosol spray cans have been used as convenient packages
diffuser expansion angle, is 12o giving diffuser outlet and inlet area ratio of 1.61. The performance of the bare, diffuser and nozzle-diffuser augmented micro-wind turbine have been compared and shown in Figs. 3 and 4. In all comparison, the area used in the denominator of Cp definition is the diffuser exit area. Typical shroud designs for wind turbine: Figure 3.0 Nozzle-diffuser (GWEC 2015, Ramon) Figure 3.1 Diffuser-brim shroud Where: T (N.m) is torque, (kg.m-3) is density of air, A
check valve, below that is a spacer with the nozzle springs inside of it, lastly is the nozzle. All of these parts have specific and unique jobs. Nozzle has a needle in it that works kind of like a piston that once the pressure build up the needle forces forward and sprays fuel. There is a spacer above the nozzle with the nozzle springs that force the needle down. Above the spacer is a check valve, the check valve allows the right amount of fuel into the nozzle. The plunger and barrel are located above
Operating Principles A steam turbine's two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor. As the steam passes through the fixed blades or nozzles it expands and its velocity increases. The high-velocity jet of steam strikes the first set of moving blades. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical energy, causing the shaft to rotate. The steam then enters the next set of fixed blades and strikes the next row of moving blades. As the steam flows through the turbine, its pressure and temperature
Although it is essential for human survival, water is inherently unbalanced, as it is almost never evenly distributed among the population. Especially in developing countries, such as Tanzania, a lack of infrastructure with water can intensify existing conflicts and lead to unintended violence. A bad water controlling system can make it harder for water to be distributed among the different groups of people. This is clearly shown in the current conflicts occurring in Tanzania, in which farmers and
moisture from the air and gently infuses more than 1000 times the moisture particles into the hair than a typical ion hair dryer. The Panasonic dryer comes with three pro-quality attachments: a Concentrator nozzle that focuses the airflow directly for precise styling, a dual airflow quick-dry nozzle that speeds up the drying time, and a full-sized diffuser which adds volume to the hair while fighting to keep frizz at bay. The Panasonic hair dryer offers two speeds and three different temperature settings
This paper first reviews the metallurgical process of continuous steel slab casting in terms of fluid flow, heat and mass transfers in the manufacture production. Finally, this paper reviews the physical and mathematical modelling in physical experiment and mathematical models, which has been used to study in the process. Keywords: Continuous Casting, Steel, Slab, Physical Modelling, Tundish, Mathematical Modelling, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, Instruction, Report 1. Introduction Continuous
zero, using a funnel. The initial amount of acid was recorded. The stir plate was turned on and the buret nozzle was opened. The speed of the stir bar was increased as the flask filled with acid. The flask was observed till there was a permanent colour change (Figure 3). Once there was a permanent colour change, the acid was allowed to continue to pour for a short amount of time. The buret nozzle was closed and the final amount of acid in the buret was recorded. The stir bar was taken out of the flask