to attempt to define the concept. As William Miller (2008) writes, “The term ‘harm reduction’ describes a public health approach intended to reduce risks and adverse consequences of behavioral choices” (p. 41). Examples of this policy include needle exchange programs for heroin addicts, the limiting of alcohol sale in certain stores, the banning of smoking in public places, and supervised injection rooms (Fry, Treloar, & Maher, 2005). While the concept has been largely used as a type of public policy
how the shut down of the only fixed needle exchange in Victoria affects the social welfare of those needing to use clean sterilized needles. Due to complaints of the hazard issues and public disturbances from neighbours the fixed needle exchange shut down (Cleverley, 2010). As a result, there has been an increase in dirty needle usage which is causing an increase in health hazards, more than that of Vancouver (Cleverley, 2010). The sharing and use of dirty needles contributes to the spread of hepatitis
time and this is a healthy process that is essential in the full articulation of an 'emerging public health perspective'" (Erickson, 1995: 283). There is literature to suggest that the term 'harm reduction' was firstly used only in application to programmes and policies that tried to reduce harm for individuals that continued to use substances, and as such did not include abstinence focused approaches (Single and Rohl, 1997). This deliberate exclusion from definition is beneficial in the sense that
The needle and syringe programme (NSP) is the programme that supplies needle and syringe and also other equipment used to prepare and illegal drug. This programme is run by pharmacies and drug services. World Health Organization (2007) stated that the purpose of this programme is to reduce the transmission of blood- borne viruses and other infections that caused by sharing injecting equipment. The work of NSPs has focused on HIV prevention and also rising HIV-prevalence among clients in many locations
Although needle exchange programs have been successful, they have had some criticism. One of the main goals in the needle exchange program is to prevent or to reduce the rate of transmission of any infectious diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C by distributing sterile syringes. The intended group that this program is trying to focus on is injecting drug users, since they have a high rate of either repeatedly using a contaminated syringe or sharing the same syringe
This section evaluates the effectiveness in meeting all three objectives of the educational programme. In addition, it analyses whether this educational programme meets participant expectations and if they would attend a similar programme again in the future. 6.4 Feedback session This section allows attendees to note something important that they learned, what they liked most and least about this programme and any other general comments. Information about the education sessions and the participant
SALVATION ARMY The Salvation Army ls largest Christian social welfare organisations with more than 1,650,000 members working in over 127 countries. We have been in Australia for over 130 years. currently we have more than 8,500 active officers and staff delivering in excess of 1000 specifically designed social programs across Australia. The Salvation Army helps more than 1 million Australians every year – that's one person every 30 seconds! International Mission Statement The Salvation Army, an
to promote contactless payment within the programme. This could be seen as integration as the advertisement has become part of the narrative, and producers have specifically placed this within the script, we see characters make numerous contactless transactions throughout episodes. Within an episode. This is done discretely and is either seen in the background of a two shot of characters exchanging dialogue, or over the counter. In ‘The Bistro’, an exchange between Nick and Kevin occurs in a stream
Similarly, routine activity theory argues that attention should be focused on the condition in which the crime takes place rather than on the offender. It was devised by Cohen and Felson (1979). They argued that the contemporary society invites high crime by generating illegal opportunities such as public display of expensive portable goods (iPods, iPads, laptops, mobile phones) which are carried out by individuals. Correspondingly, the opportunity theory which was advocated by Felson and Clarke
It is now known that HIV is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services [HHS], 2012). Among blood and other bodily fluids, HIV transmission can occur through semen and breast milk (HHS, 2012). A person can become infected with HIV if they engage in sexual contact with an infected person since there is an exchange of bodily fluids (HHS, 2012). HIV can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy or
wonder when people talk of health care disparities, if they can ever truly grasp what it means, what crushing poverty entails, and even what an underdeveloped nation looks like. Right from my High school days I had a strong inclination to various programmes/ activities in health sector. My Interest in the subject has grown as it refers to "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public
Countless quest narratives – ranging from modern texts all the way back to ancient texts – have all conformed to a certain archetypal structure. Christopher Vogler writes: All stories consist of a few common structural elements found universally in myths, fairy tales, dreams, and movies. They are known collectively as The Hero’s Journey. Understanding these elements and their use in modern writing is the object of our quest. Used wisely, these ancient tools of the storytellers craft still have tremendous
“The world is a global village”, is a metaphor that was coined by the Canadian scholar Marshall McLuhan to describe the perceived experience of a smaller world resulting from the effects of modern technology, faster communication and improved transportation, despite geographical boundaries (1). The various processes that have produced this phenomenon can be called globalization. There are many definitions of the term globalization; Delbruck 1993 defined globalization as "a process of denationalization
An Investigation and a Report into the Customer Services at Sainsburys Introduction For my business report on customer service I have chosen to investigate Sainsburys. Sainsburys is a leading UK and US food retailer; although Sainsbury's main business activity consists of food sales they also have interests in financial and property markets. The Sainsbury's group consists of Sainsburys supermarkets and bank in the UK and Shaws supermarkets in the US and employ a total of 172,900 people
The world is constantly fighting against diseases. More than 21 million people have already died due to AIDS throughout the duration of the pandemic (Kanabus et al., 2012). In 2001, three million people died from AIDS, making it the world’s 4th largest cause of death after heart disease, stroke, and acute lower respiratory infection (Inrig, 2012). The most severely impacted continent in the world is Africa with over %70 of the world’s 40 million people living with HIV or AIDS (Dixon et al., 2002)
This essay is a response to the following question: In participatory culture the consumer and producer no longer occupy separate roles rather “we might see them as participants who interact with each other according to a new set of rules that none of us fully understand”. Jenkins, Henry, Convergence Culture (London: New York University Press, 2006) 3. Identify a text or series of texts that challenge the previously established rules of engagement between consumer and producer. Outline how that